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Gross Brain Flashcards

1
Q

What are the parts of the PNS?

A

Cranial Nerves

Spinal Nerves

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2
Q

What are parts of the CNS?

A

Brain

Spinal Cord

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3
Q

What are the divisions of the central nervous sytem?

A

Prosencephalon

Mesencephalon

Rhomencephalon

Spinal Cord

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4
Q

What is the Proencephalon?

A

Forebrain

Includes the Telencephalon (cerebral cortex) and diencephalon

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5
Q

What is the Mesencephalon?

A

It includes the midbrain

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6
Q

What is the Rhombencephalon?

A

Hindbrain

It includes the Metencephalon (pons) and Myelencephalon (medulla)

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7
Q

What is included in the Brain stem?

A

Midbrain

Pons

Medulla Oblongata

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8
Q

Whata re the four parts of the adult brain?

A

Brain Stem

Cerebellum

Diencephalon

Cortex

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9
Q

What are the boundaries of the Medulla Oblongata?

A
  1. Caudal - decussationof the pyramids

gradual transition from spinal cord

extends below foramen magnum

  1. Rostral - pontomedullary junction
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10
Q

What are the functions of the medulla oblongata?

A
  1. Cardia center: Force and rate of heartbeat
  2. Respiratory center: controls rhythm and rate of breathing
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11
Q

Stroke and/or trauma to the medulla oblongata leads to what?

A

DEATH

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12
Q

What are the parts of the medulla oblongata?

A

Ventrally

Olive - inferior olivary complex: motor learning

Pyramids - corticospinal tract

decussation of pyramids - background information

Dorsal

Cuneate (outer) and Gracile (two inner)

(tubercle is the bulkier superior portion of the two and the fasciculus is the lower smoother half)

Obex and median sulcus

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13
Q

What are the 4 cranial nerves the originate from the Medulla Oblongata?

A

CN: IX, X, XI* (originate from dorsal to the olive)

and CN: XII (originate from the medulla, between the pyramids and inferior olive)

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14
Q

What are the 3 nerves that originate from the pontomedullary junction?

A

CN: VI, VII, and VIII

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15
Q

What is the purpose of the Pons?

A

Relay Signals between Cerebral cortex and Cerebellum

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16
Q

What nerves comes from the pons?

A

CN: V

Originates from the middle cerebellar peucle

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17
Q

What are the parts of the pons?

A

Middle cerebellar peduncle

Connects pons to the cerebellum

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18
Q

The fourth ventricle is found dorsal to what?

A

Dorsal to the medulla and pons and it sepreates the medullapons from the cerebellum.

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19
Q

What is creative about the formation of the 4th ventricle?

A

The fourth ventricle is formed because the presence of the cerebellum causes the roof plate to split and the canal enlarges to become the 4th ventricle over the pons and medulla

*the general embryonic origin of sensory and motor nucleu seen in the spinal cord is maintained

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20
Q

What are the parts of the midbrain?

A

Dorsally,

Corpora Quadrigemina

Superior colliculus (visual/oculomotor reflexes)

inferior colliculus (auditory relay center)

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21
Q

What nerve exits the brain immediately caudal to the inferior colliculus?

A

Trochlear Nerve

CN: IV (originates from the dorsum of the midbrain)

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22
Q

What are the pars of the midbrain?

A

Cerebral peduncle (corticospinal tract)

You can also see CN: IV (laterally) and III (medially)

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23
Q

What is the cerebral aqueduct?

A

It is the continuation of teh 4th ventricle that is behind the midbrain (tranverses the midbrain)

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24
Q

Where is the tectum located?

A

The tectum, which also stands for roof, is found dorsal to the cerebral aqueduct.

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25
Q

When you are looking at a cross section of the midbrain midbrain what can you see?

A
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26
Q

What is A and B?

A

A = Tegmentum

B = Basilar pons

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27
Q

This is an image of what?

A

Cerebellum

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28
Q

What is the cerebellum

A

coordinates and smooths movements

maintains equilibrium

maintains posture

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29
Q

What are the parts of the diencephalon?

A

Thalamus

hypothalamus

epithalamus

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30
Q

What is the thalamus?

A

Sensory(exceot olfaction)/motor/limbic relay center for information en route to the cortex

Specific thalmic nuclei project to specific areas of the cortex

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31
Q

What are the two specific thalmic nuclei?

A

Medial geniculate nucleus - auditory relay nucleus

Lateral geniculate nucleus - visual relay nucleus

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32
Q

What is the only nerve that originates from the diencephalon?

A

Optic nerve

CN II

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33
Q

This nerve is not a true nerve? Why

A

CN II is not a true nerve. It is a tract of the CNS

  1. The retina develops as a diverticulum of the forebrain (optic vesicle)
  2. Axons of CN II are surrounded by glia, not Schwann cells
  3. CN II is surrounded by meninges
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34
Q

Patient A comes in with a history of Multiple Scleroisis. Why are you concerned that he may lose his eyesight.

A

Optic nerve is vunerable to MS

35
Q

The Visceral Control center of te brain is?

A

Hypothalamus

hormones via the pituitary

autonomic nervous system

feeding and drinking

sleep-wake cycles

sexual activity

temperature

memory

36
Q

This structure is also known as the Pineal Gland and 3rd eye! It controls circadian rhythms by secreting melatonin and also controls the sexual cycles in non-primates

A

Epithalamus

37
Q

What is A?

A

3rd Ventricle

Seperates the right and left diencephalon

38
Q

How do human and rat brain compare?

A

Humans have a larger percent of Cortex

77%:31%

Humans also have a larger suface area of cortex (cm^2)

2500:6

39
Q

Name the colored arrows?

A

Surface of cerebral cortex is not smooth. Numerous folds!

The folds increase computation power

They are similar between people with particular gyri having specific function

40
Q

What do gyri and fissures do?

A

they divide the cortex into different regions: frontal, parietal, temporal, and occipital cortices

41
Q

Identify this structure

A

Lateral fissure

The lateral fissure separates the temporal lobe from the frontal & parietal lobes

42
Q

Whay are the different type of Fissures(Sulcus) that we have?

A

Central Sulcus

Lateral fissure (Sulcus)

Parieto-occipital Suclus

Calcarine Sulcus

Longitudinal fissure

transverse fissure

43
Q

This structure ends in a cul-de-sac prior to the lateral sulcus. What is it?

A

Central Sylcus

44
Q

Identify what the question marks are pointing to

A

Calcarine Sulcus

45
Q

This is a superior veiw of?

A

Ventricle

46
Q

What is a unique characteristic of the cortex?

A

Structurally it is symmetrical but functionally it is asymmetrical?

47
Q

What are the characterisitcs of the right brain?

A

Processes new, unfamiliar faces

Decodes and processes patterns, music, spatial relations

Takes in the “whole”

Considered more creative than the left side

48
Q

What are the characterisitcs of the left brain?

A

Language

Numerical Skills

Reasoning abilities

Considered more analytical than the right side

49
Q

What is the corpus callosum?

A

Part of the white matter, connects the right and left cerebral hemispheres

50
Q

What are the parts of the corpus collosum?

A

Genu

Body

Splenium

51
Q

What lies rostral and caudal to the central sulcus?

A

Pre and post central gyri, respectively

52
Q

Brodmann’s area 4 and the corticospinal tract is located where?

A

Pre-central gyrus

53
Q

Broadmann’s area 3, 1, 2 is located where?

A

Post central gyrus

54
Q

Compare the function of the pre and post central gyri

A

Precentral gyrus

Primary motor cortex controlling voluntary movement of skeletal muscles

Postcentral gyrus

Primary somatosensory cortex recieveng input conveyed by general sensory systems

55
Q

The cortical maps of the motor and somatosensory systems, which are tipographically organized, for what?

A

Somatosensory homunculus (Little Person)

56
Q

What are the diffeent gyrus contained in the frontal cortex?

A

Superior frontal gyrus

Middle Frotnal gyrus

Inferior frontal gyrus

57
Q

This part of the brain is responsible for semantic processing (meanings) and phonological processing (sounds)

A

Broca’s Motor Speech Area

(Left brain)

58
Q

What are the different areas of the Frontal cortex>?

A

Primary motor cortex

Pre-frontal cortes (executive funtion

Broca’s area

59
Q

This cortex is part of the limbic system and the pre-frontal cortex. What is it?

A

Orbitofrontal Cortex - responsible for emotion and reward in decision making

60
Q

What are the gyrus and sulcus in the occipital lobe?

A

Cuneus gyrus - superior

Linhual gyrus - inferior

Calcarine sulcus

61
Q

Identify A, B, and C. Which part of the brain are we in?

A

Temporal Lobe

A. Superior Temporal Gyrus

B. Middle Temporal gyrus

C. Inferior Temporal gyrus

62
Q

What are the three structures that are deep to the lateral fissure?

A

Insula

Superior frontal gyrus

Transverse temporal gyrus of (Heschl)

63
Q

This special area in the brain is located in the superior temporal gyrus and platum temporale

A

Wernicke’s (Speech) Area

64
Q

What is known as the primary auditory cortex?

A

Transverse temporal gyrus of (Heschl)

65
Q

The parahippocampal gyrus is parts of which system?

A

It is part of the limbic system

66
Q

What is the function of the hippocampus?

A

short-tem, working memory

It includes the uncus and parahippocampal gyrus

67
Q

Identify the areas A, B, C, and H

A

A. Cingulate hyrus

B. motor cortex

C. Central Sulcus

H. Prefrontal Cortex

68
Q

Identify area D, E, F, and G

A

D. Parietal-occipital sulcus

E. Calcrine Sulcus

F. Area 17

G. Pre-Occipital notch

69
Q

The cingulate gyrus is part of what sysem and located where?

A

It is part of the limbic system and seen above the corpus collosum

70
Q

What is the basal ganglia?

A

Subcortical gray matter

71
Q

The ventricles are derived from which embryological structure?

A

Along with the central canal of the cord it is derived from the lumen of the neurotube. It is part of the CNS and filed with cerebral spinal fluid (CSF)

72
Q

Whay is the purpose of CSF (Ventricular System)?

A

Reduce traction exerted upon nerves and blood vessels

Cushions (dampens the effect of trauma

Removes metabolites from CNS

Provide stable ionic environment, nutrients

73
Q

What is CSF consisted of?

A

water, protein, peptides, sugar, leukocytes, lymphocytes, electrolytes, Na, K, Cl, Mg, Ca

74
Q

bacteria and viral meningitis or encephalitis increase which cell numbers in the CSF?

A

Proteins, peptides, sugar, leukocytes, lymphocytes

75
Q

CSF is produced by what?

A

Choroid Epithelial Cells

endothelial cells (modified Eoendymal Cells) part of choroid plexus, pial membrane

Choroid plexus is located in the lateral ventricles, 3rd ventricle, and 4th ventricle

It helps maintain delicate extracellular environment of brain

76
Q

How many mL of CSF is produced per day?

A

500

DON’T FORGET

77
Q

On average how much CSF do we typically have in a given moment?

A

140mL

Pulsatile fow, under pressure

(turnover rate = 4-5x)

78
Q

Describe the flow of CSF?

A

Flows rostrally/downward over the cerebral hemisphere, and downward in the subarachnoid space

Lateral ventricles (foramen of monro) -> 3rd ventricle -> cerebral aqueduct -> 4th ventricle -> subarachnoid space

79
Q

Hydrocephaly and Meningitis are what?

A

Disease of Cerebral Spinal Fluid

80
Q

What is the Septum Pellucidum?

A

It seperates the lateral ventricles

81
Q

Where is the foramen of monro located?

A

Under the Septum pellucidum

(it is interventricular)

82
Q

How does the CSF get from the 4th ventricle to the subarachnoid space?

A

Through the foramen of Magendie and 2 foramina of Luschka

83
Q

know this image

A
84
Q

What is Hydrocephalus

A

When the CSF Production > Absorption

Non-Communication Hydrocephalus

When there is blockage in the flow of CSF, usually at:

1) usually at foramen of Monroor
2) cerebral aqueduct

Pt presents with a large cranium

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