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Gross Brain Flashcards

1
Q

What are the parts of the PNS?

A

Cranial Nerves

Spinal Nerves

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2
Q

What are parts of the CNS?

A

Brain

Spinal Cord

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3
Q

What are the divisions of the central nervous sytem?

A

Prosencephalon

Mesencephalon

Rhomencephalon

Spinal Cord

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4
Q

What is the Proencephalon?

A

Forebrain

Includes the Telencephalon (cerebral cortex) and diencephalon

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5
Q

What is the Mesencephalon?

A

It includes the midbrain

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6
Q

What is the Rhombencephalon?

A

Hindbrain

It includes the Metencephalon (pons) and Myelencephalon (medulla)

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7
Q

What is included in the Brain stem?

A

Midbrain

Pons

Medulla Oblongata

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8
Q

Whata re the four parts of the adult brain?

A

Brain Stem

Cerebellum

Diencephalon

Cortex

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9
Q

What are the boundaries of the Medulla Oblongata?

A
  1. Caudal - decussationof the pyramids

gradual transition from spinal cord

extends below foramen magnum

  1. Rostral - pontomedullary junction
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10
Q

What are the functions of the medulla oblongata?

A
  1. Cardia center: Force and rate of heartbeat
  2. Respiratory center: controls rhythm and rate of breathing
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11
Q

Stroke and/or trauma to the medulla oblongata leads to what?

A

DEATH

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12
Q

What are the parts of the medulla oblongata?

A

Ventrally

Olive - inferior olivary complex: motor learning

Pyramids - corticospinal tract

decussation of pyramids - background information

Dorsal

Cuneate (outer) and Gracile (two inner)

(tubercle is the bulkier superior portion of the two and the fasciculus is the lower smoother half)

Obex and median sulcus

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13
Q

What are the 4 cranial nerves the originate from the Medulla Oblongata?

A

CN: IX, X, XI* (originate from dorsal to the olive)

and CN: XII (originate from the medulla, between the pyramids and inferior olive)

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14
Q

What are the 3 nerves that originate from the pontomedullary junction?

A

CN: VI, VII, and VIII

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15
Q

What is the purpose of the Pons?

A

Relay Signals between Cerebral cortex and Cerebellum

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16
Q

What nerves comes from the pons?

A

CN: V

Originates from the middle cerebellar peucle

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17
Q

What are the parts of the pons?

A

Middle cerebellar peduncle

Connects pons to the cerebellum

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18
Q

The fourth ventricle is found dorsal to what?

A

Dorsal to the medulla and pons and it sepreates the medullapons from the cerebellum.

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19
Q

What is creative about the formation of the 4th ventricle?

A

The fourth ventricle is formed because the presence of the cerebellum causes the roof plate to split and the canal enlarges to become the 4th ventricle over the pons and medulla

*the general embryonic origin of sensory and motor nucleu seen in the spinal cord is maintained

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20
Q

What are the parts of the midbrain?

A

Dorsally,

Corpora Quadrigemina

Superior colliculus (visual/oculomotor reflexes)

inferior colliculus (auditory relay center)

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21
Q

What nerve exits the brain immediately caudal to the inferior colliculus?

A

Trochlear Nerve

CN: IV (originates from the dorsum of the midbrain)

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22
Q

What are the pars of the midbrain?

A

Cerebral peduncle (corticospinal tract)

You can also see CN: IV (laterally) and III (medially)

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23
Q

What is the cerebral aqueduct?

A

It is the continuation of teh 4th ventricle that is behind the midbrain (tranverses the midbrain)

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24
Q

Where is the tectum located?

A

The tectum, which also stands for roof, is found dorsal to the cerebral aqueduct.

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25
When you are looking at a cross section of the midbrain midbrain what can you see?
26
What is A and B?
A = Tegmentum B = Basilar pons
27
This is an image of what?
Cerebellum
28
What is the cerebellum
coordinates and smooths movements maintains equilibrium maintains posture
29
What are the parts of the diencephalon?
Thalamus hypothalamus epithalamus
30
What is the thalamus?
Sensory(exceot olfaction)/motor/limbic relay center for information en route to the cortex Specific thalmic nuclei project to specific areas of the cortex
31
What are the two specific thalmic nuclei?
Medial geniculate nucleus - auditory relay nucleus Lateral geniculate nucleus - visual relay nucleus
32
What is the only nerve that originates from the diencephalon?
Optic nerve CN II
33
This nerve is not a true nerve? Why
CN II is not a true nerve. It is a tract of the CNS ## Footnote 1. **The retina develops as a diverticulum of the forebrain** (optic vesicle) 2. **Axons of CN II are surrounded by glia**, not Schwann cells 3. **CN II is surrounded by meninges**
34
Patient A comes in with a history of Multiple Scleroisis. Why are you concerned that he may lose his eyesight.
Optic nerve is vunerable to MS
35
The Visceral Control center of te brain is?
Hypothalamus ## Footnote **hormones via the pituitary** **autonomic nervous system** **feeding and drinking** **sleep-wake cycles** **sexual activity** **temperature** **memory**
36
This structure is also known as the **Pineal Gland and 3rd eye**! It controls circadian rhythms by secreting melatonin and also controls the sexual cycles in non-primates
Epithalamus
37
What is A?
3rd Ventricle ## Footnote **Seperates the right and left diencephalon**
38
How do human and rat brain compare?
Humans have a larger percent of Cortex 77%:31% Humans also have a larger suface area of cortex (cm^2) 2500:6
39
Name the colored arrows?
Surface of cerebral cortex is not smooth. Numerous folds! The folds increase computation power They are similar between people with particular gyri having specific function
40
What do gyri and fissures do?
they divide the cortex into different regions: frontal, parietal, temporal, and occipital cortices
41
Identify this structure
Lateral fissure ## Footnote **The lateral fissure separates the temporal lobe from the frontal & parietal lobes**
42
Whay are the different type of Fissures(Sulcus) that we have?
Central Sulcus Lateral fissure (Sulcus) Parieto-occipital Suclus Calcarine Sulcus Longitudinal fissure transverse fissure
43
This structure ends in a cul-de-sac prior to the lateral sulcus. What is it?
Central Sylcus
44
Identify what the question marks are pointing to
Calcarine Sulcus
45
This is a superior veiw of?
Ventricle
46
What is a unique characteristic of the cortex?
Structurally it is symmetrical but functionally it is asymmetrical?
47
What are the characterisitcs of the right brain?
Processes new, unfamiliar faces Decodes and processes patterns, music, spatial relations Takes in the “whole” Considered more creative than the left side
48
What are the characterisitcs of the left brain?
Language Numerical Skills Reasoning abilities Considered more analytical than the right side
49
What is the corpus callosum?
Part of the white matter, connects the right and left cerebral hemispheres
50
What are the parts of the corpus collosum?
Genu Body Splenium
51
What lies rostral and caudal to the central sulcus?
Pre and post central gyri, respectively
52
Brodmann's area 4 and the corticospinal tract is located where?
Pre-central gyrus
53
Broadmann's area 3, 1, 2 is located where?
Post central gyrus
54
Compare the function of the pre and post central gyri
Precentral gyrus Primary **motor** cortex controlling **voluntary movement of skeletal** muscles Postcentral gyrus Primary **somatosensory** cortex recieveng input conveyed by **general sensory systems**
55
The cortical maps of the motor and somatosensory systems, which are tipographically organized, for what?
Somatosensory homunculus (Little Person)
56
What are the diffeent gyrus contained in the frontal cortex?
Superior frontal gyrus Middle Frotnal gyrus Inferior frontal gyrus
57
This part of the brain is responsible for semantic processing (meanings) and phonological processing (sounds)
Broca's Motor Speech Area | (Left brain)
58
What are the different areas of the Frontal cortex\>?
Primary motor cortex Pre-frontal cortes (executive funtion Broca's area
59
This cortex is part of the limbic system and the pre-frontal cortex. What is it?
Orbitofrontal Cortex - responsible for emotion and reward in decision making
60
What are the gyrus and sulcus in the occipital lobe?
Cuneus gyrus - superior Linhual gyrus - inferior Calcarine sulcus
61
Identify A, B, and C. Which part of the brain are we in?
Temporal Lobe ## Footnote A. Superior Temporal Gyrus B. Middle Temporal gyrus C. Inferior Temporal gyrus
62
What are the three structures that are deep to the lateral fissure?
Insula Superior frontal gyrus Transverse temporal gyrus of (Heschl)
63
This special area in the brain is located in the superior temporal gyrus and platum temporale
Wernicke's (Speech) Area
64
What is known as the primary auditory cortex?
Transverse temporal gyrus of (Heschl)
65
The parahippocampal gyrus is parts of which system?
It is part of the limbic system
66
What is the function of the hippocampus?
short-tem, working memory It includes the uncus and parahippocampal gyrus
67
Identify the areas A, B, C, and H
A. Cingulate hyrus B. motor cortex C. Central Sulcus H. Prefrontal Cortex
68
Identify area D, E, F, and G
D. Parietal-occipital sulcus E. Calcrine Sulcus F. Area 17 G. Pre-Occipital notch
69
The cingulate gyrus is part of what sysem and located where?
It is part of the limbic system and seen above the corpus collosum
70
What is the basal ganglia?
Subcortical gray matter
71
The ventricles are derived from which embryological structure?
Along with the central canal of the cord it is derived from the lumen of the neurotube. It is part of the CNS and filed with cerebral spinal fluid (CSF)
72
Whay is the purpose of CSF (Ventricular System)?
Reduce traction exerted upon nerves and blood vessels Cushions (dampens the effect of trauma Removes metabolites from CNS Provide stable ionic environment, nutrients
73
What is CSF consisted of?
water, protein, peptides, sugar, leukocytes, lymphocytes, electrolytes, Na, K, Cl, Mg, Ca
74
bacteria and viral meningitis or encephalitis increase which cell numbers in the CSF?
Proteins, peptides, sugar, leukocytes, lymphocytes
75
CSF is produced by what?
Choroid Epithelial Cells endothelial cells (modified Eoendymal Cells) part of choroid plexus, pial membrane Choroid plexus is located in the lateral ventricles, 3rd ventricle, and 4th ventricle It helps maintain delicate extracellular environment of brain
76
How many mL of CSF is produced per day?
**500** **DON'T FORGET**
77
On average how much CSF do we typically have in a given moment?
140mL Pulsatile fow, under pressure (turnover rate = 4-5x)
78
Describe the flow of CSF?
Flows rostrally/downward over the cerebral hemisphere, and downward in the subarachnoid space Lateral ventricles (foramen of monro) -\> 3rd ventricle -\> cerebral aqueduct -\> 4th ventricle -\> subarachnoid space
79
Hydrocephaly and Meningitis are what?
Disease of Cerebral Spinal Fluid
80
What is the Septum Pellucidum?
It seperates the lateral ventricles
81
Where is the foramen of monro located?
Under the Septum pellucidum | (it is interventricular)
82
How does the CSF get from the 4th ventricle to the subarachnoid space?
Through the foramen of Magendie and 2 foramina of Luschka
83
know this image
84
What is Hydrocephalus
When the CSF Production \> Absorption ## Footnote Non-Communication Hydrocephalus When there is blockage in the flow of CSF, usually at: 1) usually at foramen of Monroor 2) cerebral aqueduct Pt presents with a large cranium

SF2 (14 decks)

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