Gross Anatomy Review Flashcards
Osteomalacia
Osteopenia
Osteoporosis
Osteopetrosis
Osteomalacia:
- softening of bone due to failure of the bone to calcify because of lack of vitamin D or renal tubular dysfunctions
Osteopenia:
- decreased calcification of bone or reduced bone mass sue to inadequate osteoid synthesis
Osteoporosis:
- decreased bone mass and increased susceptibility of bone fractures due to bone resorption > bone formation
- age related and signs are vertebral compression/loss of body height/ increased kyphosis/hip fractures
Osteopetrosis:
- abnormally dense bone which obliterates bone marrow cavity due to bone formation > bone resorption
What is Hilton’s law?
The nerve that supply’s a specific joint also supplies the muscles that move the joint and the skin covering the insertion of the muscles at the joint
Types of joints
Synarthroses:
- fibrous joints
- NO JOINT CAVITIES
- NO MOVEMENT
- include sutures
Synchondroses:
- primary cartilaginous joints
- NO JOINT CAVITIES
- NO MOVEMENT
- include hyaline cartilage and are found at epiphyseal cartilage plates in bones
Symphyses:
- secondary cartilaginous joints
- NO JOINT CAVITIES
- LITTLE MOVEMENT
- include IVDs and pubic symphysis
Diarthrodial (synovial):
- surrounded by synovial membrane and articular capsule
- JOINT CAVITIES
- LOTS OF MOVEMENT
- six types: plane/hinge/pivot/condylar/saddle/ball-and-socket
Osteoarthritis
Rheumatoid arthritis
Gout
Osteoarthritis:
- non inflammation degenerative joint disease characterized by degeneration of articular cartilage and osseous outgrowth.
- commonly affects hands/fingers/hips/knees/feet/spine
- herbeden nodes, dowingers hump are signs
- normal ESR/CRP
- affects distal fingers and toes
- increased stiffness after exercise, decreased after rest
Rheumatoid arthritis:
- inflammatory degenerative joint disease
- autoimmune disease where the synovial membranes and articular structures.
- elevated ESR/CRP and present anti-CCP
- affects metacarpals
- NO herbeden nodes and dowingers hump
- decreased stiffness after exercise, increased after rest
Gout:
- painful form of arthritis caused by increased uric acid in the blood forming crystals
- causes inflammation/pain/heat/redness/stiffness, tenderness and podagra
Functional components in peripheral nerves
GSA:
- transmit pain/temperature/touch/proprioception
CSE:
- transmit motor impulses to skeletal muscles
GVA:
- transmit sensory impulses from visceral organs to CNS
GVE:
- transmit sensory motor impulses to smooth/cardiac muscles and glandular tissues from CNS
Special somatic Afferent (SSA):
- transmit sensory impulses of vision/hearing/equilibrium to CNS.
Special Visceral Afferent (SVA):
- transmit smell/taste to the CNS
Special Visceral Efferent (SVE):
- transmit motor impulses to the muscles of the head/neck from CNS
What CN nerves take parasympathetics?
CN 3/7/9/10
How is the dorsal root ganglion different from the other ganglia in the nervous system?
Contains unipolar/pseudounipolar neurons.
Does not contain any synapses
Where are lateral horns found in the spinal column?
T1-L2
S2-S4
How many vertebrae are there?
33 total
7 cervical
12 thoracic
5 lumbar
5 fused sacral
4 fused coccygeal
Spondylitis
Spondylosis
Spondylolisthesis
Spondylitis:
- inflammation of the vertebrae caused by RA
- often called “ankylosing”
- fuses lower vertebral joints together and produces “bamboo spine”
- elicits pain, stiffness, swelling and limited motion.
Spondylosis:
- degenerative changes due to OA
- elicit is pain/muscle weakness and nerve pressures (tingling)
Spondylolisthesis:
- slippage of a vertebra over another (usually forward and is often L4 or L5)
- caused usually by a traumatic fracture of the peduncle/lamina/pars interarticularis of the above vertebra or a developmental defect.
- causes pain/stiffness/muscle rightness/sciatica
Scheuermann disease
Juvenile kyphosis
Epiphyseal osteochondrosis of the vertebral bodies (usually in thoracic vertebra and between T7-T10)
- shows extreme kyphosis in the thoracic region (hunch back)
- often caused by necrosis and is self-limiting
- signs = intermittent back and neck pain and tight hamstrings
- also often shows barrel chests in males and increased lordotic lumbar spine in both sexes.
Potts disease
infection of the spine via TB.
- causes thoracic kyphosis and collapsing of the vertebra affected.
- signs = paravertebral swelling, abscesses, paraplegia, back pain w/ fever, coughing, night sweats, weight loss.
Kippel-feil syndrome
Congenital defect that causes reduction/fusion of the cervical vertebra
- signs = low hairline, restricted ROM in neck/upper spine, short neck
Genes associated = GDF3/6 and MEOX1
- can be autosomal dominant (C2-3 fusion usually) or recessive (C5-6 fusion usually)
Where does whiplash usually occur on the spine?
C4/5 junction
Herniated discs
Protrusion of the nucleus pulposus through the annulus fibrosus of the IVD into the intervertebral foramen.
- compresses spinal nerves
- usually posteriolaterally, rare it goes anteriorly
Sciatica
Pain in the lower back and hip that radiates into the buttock and leg due to herniation of a lower lumbar IVD
- compresses the sciatic nerve
- causes muscle weakness in lower extremity, numbness/tingling along dermatomes, and pain along the myotome of the sciatic nerve
Atlas vs axis vertebra
Atlas:
- C1
- supports the skull
- has no body or spine
- possess 2 lateral masses To articulate with the occipital bone of the skull
Axis:
- C2
- smaller transverse processes
- possess dens process (odontoid)
Fracture of the atlas
Jefferson fracture
Causes fractures of the lateral masses and rupture of the transverse ligament usually
- usually occurs via strong vertical forces to the top of the head (diving accidents, getting uppercut punch to the chin, etc.)
if a fracture occurs around the anterior and posterior arches of the atlas, it is called a Jefferson’s fracture
Fracture of the axis
Hangman fracture
Occurs via hyperextension of the head
- usually via hanging or automobile accidents
fracture of the peduncles on C2 causes cruciform ligament rupture and subsequent collapse of the spinal cord. This is referred to as a hangman fracture and causes death if occurs
What vertebra acts as the attachment site for the ligamentum nuchae and supraspinous ligaments?
C7
What thoracic vertebra are considered “typical?”
T2-8
Ligaments of the vertebral column
Anterior longitudinal
- origin = base of skull on occipital bone
- insertion = sacrum
- limits extension and supports the annulus fibrosus anteriorly
- narrow -> widens as it moves down
Posterior longitudinal
- origin = Base of skull
- insertion = sacrum
- limits flexion and supports the annulus fibrosus posteriorly
- widen -> narrow as it moves down
Ligamentum flavum
- origin = starts at C2-C3 junction
- insertion = ends at L5-S1 junction
- is a series of ligaments between vertebra*
- connects the laminae of adjacent vertebrae and functions to maintain upright posture and form posterior wall of vertebral column
- Can be pierced during lumbar puncture
Ligamentum nuchae
- origin = C7 vertebra
- insertion = external occipital protuberance
- aids in neck muscle movements
What is thought to be the route of early metastasis for carcinomas of the lung/breast ANS prostate glands -> bones and CNS?
The internal vertebral venous plexus
- lies in epidural space and communicates with many different venous systems
Triangle of auscultation
Upper border = latissimus Dorsi
Lateral border = trapezius
Medial border = scapula
is the site where breathing sounds are heard most clearly
Lumbar triangle or Petit
Anterior border = latissimus Dorsi
Lateral border = iliac crest
Posterior border = external oblique abs
Medial border = internal oblique abs
often the site of abdominal hernias
Suboccipital triangle
Medial border = rectus capitis posterior major
Lateral border = obliquus Capitis superior
Inferior border = obliquus capitis inferior
Superior border = semispinalis and Longissimus capitis
contains the vertebral artery and suboccipital nerve/vessels
