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APPP Quiz 1 > Gross Anatomy of the CNS Part 1: Anatomy and Physiology > Flashcards

Gross Anatomy of the CNS Part 1: Anatomy and Physiology Flashcards

1
Q

The Nervous System splits into ______ and ____

A

Peripheral Nervous System and Central Nervous system

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2
Q

The CNS is made up which two regions

A

brain and spinal cord

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3
Q

the PNS splits into

A

Autonomic NS and Somatic NCS

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4
Q

Autonomic NS splits into

A

Parasympathetic and sympathetic

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5
Q

Somatic splits into

A

motor and sensory

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6
Q

Three parts that the brain can be divided into

A

Cerebrum, Brain stem, cerebellum

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7
Q

Gryri is the ____ sulci is _____

A

bumps and groves

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8
Q

What do sulci and gyri give the brain

A

more surface area

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9
Q

grey matter is made up of

A

cell bodies

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10
Q

white matter is made up of

A

axons extending

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11
Q

four lobes of the cerebrum

A

frontal, parietal, occipital, temporal

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12
Q

function of the frontal lobe

A

motor areas - intellectual activities (emotion, behaviour, personality, ability to organize)

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13
Q

parietal lobe function

A

somatosensory areas - ability to read, write, understand spatial relationships

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14
Q

temporal lobe function

A

auditory areas - memory, spech, comprehension

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15
Q

occipital lobe function

A

visual areas - controls sight

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16
Q

the left and right hemispheres of the cerebrum is connected by the

A

corpus callosum

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17
Q

corpus callosum allows the brain to

A

ensures both sides can communicate and send signals to each other

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18
Q

three components of the limbic system

A

hippocampus, amygdala, (main two parts) and the hypothalamus and thalamus are invovled in the limbic system for relaying info

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19
Q

function of amygdala

A

emotional processes - fear - fight or flight , positive reward responses

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20
Q

function of hippocampus

A

long term memory, spatial navigation, regulation of hypothalamic function and emotional responses, memory of location of objects/pepole

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21
Q

purpose of the thalamus

A

relay between a variety of subcortical areas and the cerebral cortex, regulates consciousness, sleep, alerness

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22
Q

hypothalamus - mammillary body function

A

hormonal and behavoural circadian rhythms, homeostatic mechanisms

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23
Q

3 parts of the brain stem

A

midbrain, pons, medulla

24
Q

oligodendrocytes

A

myelinating gila of the CNS

25
Q

function of myelin

A

insultaes = inreases speed of nerve conduction.

26
Q

what is found at the nodes of ranvier

A

voltage gated sodium channels

27
Q

disease caused by demyelinating disease

A

MS

28
Q

Describe the MOA of MS

A

Overactive immune cells release lots of inflammatory molecules which damage myelin. Nerve signals are interrupted

29
Q

treatment of MS

A

high-dose corticosteroids

30
Q

Go look at the three types of neurons

A

multipolar, bipolar, pseudounipolar

31
Q

sensory neuron classification

A

convey signals from sensory receptors to the CNS via afferent nerves

32
Q

Motor neurons classification

A

convey info from CNS to effector cells via efferent nerves

33
Q

Interneurons

A

form a communicating nerwork between sensory and motor neurons

34
Q

order that info flows through neurons

A

dendrites, cell body, axon

35
Q

resting membrane potential

A

-70mV

36
Q

Higher level of ____ ions inside cell, higher level of ____ions outside cell

A

k+, Na+

37
Q

6 steps of generating an AP

A
  1. Ligand binds receptor
  2. Changes to membrane potential as channels open
  3. when net charge increases to -55mV this sensitizes Na+voltage gated ion channels
  4. Concentration of na+ channels at axon hillock initiated AP
  5. Depolarization spreads down the axon, repolarization follows
  6. Depolarization of presynaptic terminal opens Ca channels, leads to NT release
38
Q

Repolarizations

A
  1. Na channels are inactivated at +40mV
  2. Voltage gated K+ channels open, K+ flows out and is slow to close leading to hyperpolarization
  3. Na/K pumps maintains restinig levels
39
Q

Synaptic Transmission

A

Ca channels open in response to -55 and Ca comes in cell, required for fusion of vesicles with the terminal
fusion results in the release ofmolecules

40
Q

gaba is always, ,glutamate is a lways

A

inhibit, excitatory

41
Q

Vesicle loading aa

A
  1. carrier vesicles containing synaptic vesicle membrane proteins are tarnsported along MT
  2. small molecules are moved to the terminal button. and taken into the vesicles
  3. loaded vesicles are stored at the presynaptic membrane
  4. depolarization leads to docking of vesicles and exocytosis into the synapse
42
Q

vesicle loading neuropeptide

A
  1. Vesicles are formed through the endomembrane system and are trafficked to the terminal button and are released at non-synaptic release sites and can act on receptors on downstream dendrite.
43
Q

what is the neocortex, how many layers

A

top later of cerebrum, 6 laters

44
Q

input, output, and two NT of the amygdala

A

Lateral nucleus, centarl nucleus, gaba, gllutamate

45
Q

what happens due to amygdala dysfunction

A

anxiety, PTSD, phobias, seizures, neuropathic pain

46
Q

treatment for amygdala dysfunction

A

benzos - enhance GABA inhibition, increases inhibitory signals
SSRIs

47
Q

Hippocampus input/oytput - spatial info

A

Medial entorhinal cortex

48
Q

non spatial info hippo input/output

A

lateral entohinal cortex LEC

49
Q

LEC and MEC conftain

A

cholinerngic neurons

50
Q

4 sections/substructures of hippo

A
  1. nerve fibers from MEC and LEC. project into the hippo
    2, Project into the C A3
  2. CA3 projects onto Ca2 and Ca1
    Ca 1 projects back to entohinal cortex, amygdala and other strucrues
51
Q

Nt in hippo

A

gluta, gaba

52
Q

disease related to hippo

A

alzheimers disease - loss of chilinergic neurons - LEC and MEC contain cholinergic neurons - memory loss

53
Q

what is cholinergic neuron damage caused by in AZ diseasde

A

AB. plaques
Tau protein aggregates

54
Q

Treament for AZ

A

Cholinesterase inhibitors - inhibit breakdown of acetylcholine

55
Q

most important function of the hypothalamus

A

links NS to the endovrine system via the pituitary gland

56
Q

three functions of hypothalamus

A

temperature regulation, appetite, sexual dimorphism

APPP Quiz 1 (6 decks)

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