Gross Anatomy of the CNS Part 1: Anatomy and Physiology

Question 1

The Nervous System splits into ______ and ____

Answer 1

Peripheral Nervous System and Central Nervous system

Question 2

The CNS is made up which two regions

Answer 2

brain and spinal cord

Question 3

the PNS splits into

Answer 3

Autonomic NS and Somatic NCS

Question 4

Autonomic NS splits into

Answer 4

Parasympathetic and sympathetic

Question 5

Somatic splits into

Answer 5

motor and sensory

Question 6

Three parts that the brain can be divided into

Answer 6

Cerebrum, Brain stem, cerebellum

Question 7

Gryri is the ____ sulci is _____

Answer 7

bumps and groves

Question 8

What do sulci and gyri give the brain

Answer 8

more surface area

Question 9

grey matter is made up of

Answer 9

cell bodies

Question 10

white matter is made up of

Answer 10

axons extending

Question 11

four lobes of the cerebrum

Answer 11

frontal, parietal, occipital, temporal

Question 12

function of the frontal lobe

Answer 12

motor areas - intellectual activities (emotion, behaviour, personality, ability to organize)

Question 13

parietal lobe function

Answer 13

somatosensory areas - ability to read, write, understand spatial relationships

Question 14

temporal lobe function

Answer 14

auditory areas - memory, spech, comprehension

Question 15

occipital lobe function

Answer 15

visual areas - controls sight

Question 16

the left and right hemispheres of the cerebrum is connected by the

Answer 16

corpus callosum

Question 17

corpus callosum allows the brain to

Answer 17

ensures both sides can communicate and send signals to each other

Question 18

three components of the limbic system

Answer 18

hippocampus, amygdala, (main two parts) and the hypothalamus and thalamus are invovled in the limbic system for relaying info

Question 19

function of amygdala

Answer 19

emotional processes - fear - fight or flight , positive reward responses

Question 20

function of hippocampus

Answer 20

long term memory, spatial navigation, regulation of hypothalamic function and emotional responses, memory of location of objects/pepole

Question 21

purpose of the thalamus

Answer 21

relay between a variety of subcortical areas and the cerebral cortex, regulates consciousness, sleep, alerness

Question 22

hypothalamus - mammillary body function

Answer 22

hormonal and behavoural circadian rhythms, homeostatic mechanisms

Question 23

3 parts of the brain stem

Answer 23

midbrain, pons, medulla

Question 24

oligodendrocytes

Answer 24

myelinating gila of the CNS

Question 25

function of myelin

Answer 25

insultaes = inreases speed of nerve conduction.

Question 26

what is found at the nodes of ranvier

Answer 26

voltage gated sodium channels

Question 27

disease caused by demyelinating disease

Answer 27

MS

Question 28

Describe the MOA of MS

Answer 28

Overactive immune cells release lots of inflammatory molecules which damage myelin. Nerve signals are interrupted

Question 29

treatment of MS

Answer 29

high-dose corticosteroids

Question 30

Go look at the three types of neurons

Answer 30

multipolar, bipolar, pseudounipolar

Question 31

sensory neuron classification

Answer 31

convey signals from sensory receptors to the CNS via afferent nerves

Question 32

Motor neurons classification

Answer 32

convey info from CNS to effector cells via efferent nerves

Question 33

Interneurons

Answer 33

form a communicating nerwork between sensory and motor neurons

Question 34

order that info flows through neurons

Answer 34

dendrites, cell body, axon

Question 35

resting membrane potential

Answer 35

-70mV

Question 36

Higher level of ____ ions inside cell, higher level of ____ions outside cell

Answer 36

k+, Na+

Question 37

6 steps of generating an AP

Answer 37

1. Ligand binds receptor 2. Changes to membrane potential as channels open 3. when net charge increases to -55mV this sensitizes Na+voltage gated ion channels 4. Concentration of na+ channels at axon hillock initiated AP 5. Depolarization spreads down the axon, repolarization follows 6. Depolarization of presynaptic terminal opens Ca channels, leads to NT release

Question 38

Repolarizations

Answer 38

1. Na channels are inactivated at +40mV 2. Voltage gated K+ channels open, K+ flows out and is slow to close leading to hyperpolarization 3. Na/K pumps maintains restinig levels

Question 39

Synaptic Transmission

Answer 39

Ca channels open in response to -55 and Ca comes in cell, required for fusion of vesicles with the terminal fusion results in the release ofmolecules

Question 40

gaba is always, ,glutamate is a lways

Answer 40

inhibit, excitatory

Question 41

Vesicle loading aa

Answer 41

1. carrier vesicles containing synaptic vesicle membrane proteins are tarnsported along MT 2. small molecules are moved to the terminal button. and taken into the vesicles 3. loaded vesicles are stored at the presynaptic membrane 4. depolarization leads to docking of vesicles and exocytosis into the synapse

Question 42

vesicle loading neuropeptide

Answer 42

1. Vesicles are formed through the endomembrane system and are trafficked to the terminal button and are released at non-synaptic release sites and can act on receptors on downstream dendrite.

Question 43

what is the neocortex, how many layers

Answer 43

top later of cerebrum, 6 laters

Question 44

input, output, and two NT of the amygdala

Answer 44

Lateral nucleus, centarl nucleus, gaba, gllutamate

Question 45

what happens due to amygdala dysfunction

Answer 45

anxiety, PTSD, phobias, seizures, neuropathic pain

Question 46

treatment for amygdala dysfunction

Answer 46

benzos - enhance GABA inhibition, increases inhibitory signals SSRIs

Question 47

Hippocampus input/oytput - spatial info

Answer 47

Medial entorhinal cortex

Question 48

non spatial info hippo input/output

Answer 48

lateral entohinal cortex LEC

Question 49

LEC and MEC conftain

Answer 49

cholinerngic neurons

Question 50

4 sections/substructures of hippo

Answer 50

1. nerve fibers from MEC and LEC. project into the hippo 2, Project into the C A3 3. CA3 projects onto Ca2 and Ca1 Ca 1 projects back to entohinal cortex, amygdala and other strucrues

Question 51

Nt in hippo

Answer 51

gluta, gaba

Question 52

disease related to hippo

Answer 52

alzheimers disease - loss of chilinergic neurons - LEC and MEC contain cholinergic neurons - memory loss

Question 53

what is cholinergic neuron damage caused by in AZ diseasde

Answer 53

AB. plaques Tau protein aggregates

Question 54

Treament for AZ

Answer 54

Cholinesterase inhibitors - inhibit breakdown of acetylcholine

Question 55

most important function of the hypothalamus

Answer 55

links NS to the endovrine system via the pituitary gland

Question 56

three functions of hypothalamus

Answer 56

temperature regulation, appetite, sexual dimorphism