consciousness and Sleep

Question 1

two types of waking

Answer 1

active waking, quiet waking

Question 2

two types of sleep

Answer 2

slow waves sleep (NREM), paradoxical sleep (REM)

Question 3

how do we measure waking and sleeping

Answer 3

EMG (muscle tension), EEG (brain activity(

Question 4

gamma waves =

Answer 4

problem solving

Question 5

beta waves =

Answer 5

active thinking,a rousal

Question 6

alpha waves =

Answer 6

calm

Question 7

theta

Answer 7

deep meditation

Question 8

delta

Answer 8

deep dreamless sleep

Question 9

active waking has

Answer 9

gamma and beta

Question 10

quiet waking has

Answer 10

alpha and thetha

Question 11

which sleep stage is associated iwth dreaming

Answer 11

rem

Question 12

Major Pathway 1

Answer 12

arousal is promoted by Acetylcholine producing cell groups in two brainstem nuclei (PPT) and LD)
1. Cholinergic neurons stimulate thalamocortical relay neurons
2. neurons in the PPT/LDT firem ost rapidly during wakefulness and REM sleep

Question 13

Major pathway 2

Answer 13

Locus ceruleus norepinephrine system innervates PFC and exerts a potent modulatory infleunce on executivbe functions
TMN containing histamine releasing neurons
Raphne nuclei release histamine and serotonin
- increase the excitability of cortical neurons
fire during wakefulness, slow down during SWS, stop in REM sleep

Question 14

orexin is responsible for

Answer 14

arousal - sends excitatory projections to the entire CNS. inenrv ates the LC,r aphe, LDT, ADN PPT

Question 15

LOSS OF OREXIN =

Answer 15

NARCOLEPY

Question 16

SLEEP OCCURS by

Answer 16

active inhibition. the VLPO sends inhibitory signals and uses mainly GABA neurons