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bds3 anatomy student 2 > Gross Anatomy of Brain & Spinal Cord > Flashcards

Gross Anatomy of Brain & Spinal Cord Flashcards

1
Q

what is the brain enclosed by?

A

the bony NEUROCRANIUM

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2
Q

how can skeletal muscle control by the brain be described?

A

CONTRALATERAL CONTROL
- left side of brain controls right side of brain

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3
Q

do both cerebral hemispheres contribute the same amount of use as each other?

A

No
- one cerebral hemisphere (left in 90%) is usually the dominant hemisphere

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4
Q

what is the dominant hemisphere of the brain responsible for?

A

complex functions such as:
- language
- reading
- speech
- writing

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5
Q

what is the non-dominant cerebral hemisphere responsible for?

A
  • orientation of body in relation to surroundings
  • visual experiences
  • interpreting music patterns
  • thought processes involving emotions and intuition
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6
Q

what are the two cerebral hemispheres connected by?

A

corpus callosum

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7
Q

what are the elevations located on the cerebral hemisphere known as?

A

GYRI

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8
Q

what are the infoldings on the cerebral hemispheres known as?

A

SULCI

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9
Q

what is the function of GYRI and SULCI?

A

increase surface are of brain

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10
Q

what type of matter lies on the outer aspect of the brain?

A

Gray matter on outside (white on inside)

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11
Q

what divides the cerebrum into the left & right hemispheres?

A

the longitudinal fissure

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12
Q

how are lobes of the brain named?

A

named by the overlying bone (except insula)

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13
Q

why is the INSULA interesting?

A

No overlying bone
- deep to three of the other lobes so does not correspond to a named overlying bone

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14
Q

what is the cerebrum responsible for?

A

higher brain activities such as:
- memory, intelligence & personality
- interpretation of impulses from sense organs & initiation of voluntary muscle movement

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15
Q

what is the vermis?

A

unites the two lateral hemispheres of the cerebellum

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16
Q

what are the ridges of the cerebellum called?

A

Folia

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17
Q

how can the cerebellums control of balance be described?

A

IPSILATERAL control

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18
Q

what can the brainstem be divided into?

A
  1. midbrain
  2. pons
  3. medulla oblongata
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19
Q

what cranial nerves are associated with the midbrain?

A

CNIII (occulomotor) & CNIV (trochlear)

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20
Q

what cranial nerve in the pons associated with?

A

CNV (trigeminal)

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21
Q

what cranial nerves are associated with the medulla oblongata?

A

CNIX (glossopharyngeal), CNX (vagus) & CNXII (hypoglossal)

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22
Q

what cranial nerves emerge at the junction between the pons and the medulla?

A

CNVI (abducens), CNVII (facial), CNVIII (vestibuloccular)

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23
Q

what is the diencephalon?

A

the central core of the brain?

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24
Q

what is the diencephalon composed of?

A
  • epithalamus
  • thalamus
  • hypothalamus
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25
Q

what is the largest lobe of the cerebral cortex?

A

the frontal lobe

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26
Q

what can be found in the frontal lobe?

A
  • profrontal cortex
  • motor cortex
  • broca’s area
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27
Q

where is the prefrontal cortex found?

A

anterior to the pre-central gyrus

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28
Q

what is the prefrontal cortex involved in?

A
  • personality
  • depth of feeling
  • problem solving
  • complex planning
  • decision made
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29
Q

what is the function of the frontal lobe?

A

planning, control & execution of following movements

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30
Q

what is the function of Broca’s area?

A
  • regulation of breathing patterns while speaking and vocalisations required for normal speech
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31
Q

where is Broca’s area usually found?

A

left hemisphere

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32
Q

what occurs if a patient has Broca’s Aphasia?

A

sounds made but words not formed

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33
Q

what is the function of the parietal lobe?

A

processing of sensory information

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34
Q

what are the two divisions of the parietal lobe?

A
  • primary somatosensory cortex (S1)
  • posterior parietal cortex
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35
Q

where is the primary somatosensory cortex located?

A

Parietal lobe
- located in the post central gyrus (just behind the central sulcus)

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36
Q

what is the function of the primary somatosensory cortex?

A

tactile sensation & responsible for:
- conscious perception of pain, pressure, taste, temperature, touch & vibration

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37
Q

what is the function of the posterior parietal cortex?

A

Integration of sensory information to allow:
- spatial perception
- spatial attention
- cognitive function

38
Q

what is the function of the occipital lobe?

A

visual processing centre of the brain

39
Q

what is located in the occipital lobe?

A

Primary visual cortex

40
Q

what is the function of the primary visual cortex & where is it found?

A
  • located around the calcarine sulcus
  • receives visual information from the thalamus (allows for conscious perception of visual cortex)
41
Q

what is the main function of the temporal lobe?

A

processes sensory information
- very important for language & language learning

42
Q

What is located within the temporal lobe?

A
  • auditory cortex
  • Wernickles area
43
Q

what is the function of Wernicke’s area?

A

language comprehension

44
Q

what are the affects of Wernicke’s aphasia?

A

person is unable to comprehend written & spoken language
- hard to communicate as can’t understand words
- able to speak words fine

45
Q

what other roles does the temporal lobe have?

A
  • long term memory formation (memory related to grammar & vocab)
  • visual perception and recognition
  • processing of olfactory stimuli
46
Q

what is the Insula?

A

“fifth lobe” located deep to the lateral sulcus
- concealed by portions of frontal, temporal & parietal loves

47
Q

what is the function of the anterior insula?

A

language

48
Q

what is the function of the posterior insula?

A

involved in integrating information relating to touch, vision & hearing

49
Q

what are the subdivisions of the corpus callosum?

A
  • genu (anteriorly)
  • splenium (posteriorly)
  • body
  • rostrum (inferiorly)
50
Q

what area of the brain provides a horizontal pathway for myelinated axons?

A

Corpus Callosum

51
Q

what is the corona radiata?

A

white matter fibres within the brain run to & from the cortex

52
Q

what makes up the lentiform nucleus?

A
  • caudate nucleus
  • putamen
  • globus pallidus
53
Q

what is interthalamic adhesion?

A

when thalami are connect across & around the ventricle

54
Q

what does the internal capsule contain?

A
  • contains fibres running from thalamus to cortex
  • and fibres running from cortex to thalamus, brainstem and spinal cord
55
Q

why is a stroke in the internal capsule so serious?

A

stroke here has devastating effects on the CONTRALATERAL side of the body as it is the site where motor fibres & pathways pass through

56
Q

what blood vessels supply the internal capsule?

A

lenticulostriate arteries (small arteries that come from the middle meningeal artery)

57
Q

where are the basal nuclei located?

A

located deep between the corona radiata and the brainstem

58
Q

what are the basal nuclei & what is their function?

A

a group of subcortical nuclei involved in:
- motor control (main)
- also connected to limbic system pathways which are responsible for expression of various behaviours & motivational states

59
Q

what are the 5 basal nuclei?

A
  • caudate nucleus
  • putamen
  • globus pallidus
  • subthalmic nucleus
  • substantia nigra
60
Q

where is the subthalmic nucleus (basal nuclei) located?

A

DIENCEPHALON

61
Q

where is the substantia nigra (one of the basal nuclei) located?

A

MIDBRAIN

62
Q

what is the function of the thalamus?

A

acts as a relay to convey information to the cerebral cortex

63
Q

why are the basal nuclei important?

A

they mediate the beginning, ending & monitor the intensity of movements from the cortex
- filter out any responses that are inappropriate/incorrect

64
Q

if the basal nuclei are to be damaged, what may occur?

A
  • loss of control of smooth movements
  • loss of ability to inhibit unnecessary or antagonistic movements
65
Q

what are examples of diseased in which the basal nuclei are damaged or affected?

A
  • parkinson’s disease (difficulty in initiating movements)
  • huntington’s disease (over activation leads to excessive & jerky movements)
66
Q

where is the hypothalamus located in relation to the thalamus? what is it connected to?

A

sits inferior & anterior to the thalamus
- connected to the pituitary gland via the pituitary stalk

67
Q

what is the function of the hypothalamus?

A

Maintaining homeostasis by monitoring internal environment & controlling autonomic systems
- consumption of fluid & food
- temperature control
- sleep/wake cycle
- growth & reproduction

68
Q

what gland does the hypothalamus control?

A

controls release of hormones from the pituitary gland (via releasing hormones)

69
Q

what hormones are released from the pituitary gland?

A
  • growth hormone
  • thyroid stimulating hormone
  • follicle stimulating hormone
  • adrenocorticotrophic hormone
  • lutenizing hormone
  • prolactin
70
Q

what is the condition that involves excessive growth of bones?

A

Acromegaly

71
Q

what is the cause of Acromegaly?

A

over production of growth hormone by the pituitary gland
- normally caused by pituitary tumour

72
Q

what are the symptoms of Acromegaly?

A
  • growth of hands & feet
  • large lips, nose & tongue
  • deep voice
  • increased jaw size & teeth spacing
73
Q

if Acromegaly is left untreated what may occur?

A
  • high blood pressure
  • diabetes
  • sleep apnoea
74
Q

what are ventricles?

A

fluid fulled cavities within the brain that provide protection to the brain
- produce & circulate CEREBROSPINAL FLUID

75
Q

what is the cerebrospinal fluid produced by in the ventricles?

A

chordial epithelial cells of choroid plexus (located in each ventricle)

76
Q

what separates the lateral ventricles?

A

septum pellucidum

77
Q

what is the function of cerebrospinal fluid?

A

provides buoyancy that prevents weight of brain from compressing cranial nerve roots & blood vessels against the internal surface

78
Q

what can the brian stem be split into?

A
  • midbrain
  • pons
  • medulla oblongata
79
Q

what are the main functions of the brainstem?

A
  1. conduit or tracts ascending & descending through the CNS
  2. houses cranial nerve nuclei (CNIII-CNXII… but not CNXI)
  3. location of reflex centres related to respiration, cardiovascular function & regulation of consciousness
80
Q

what are the boundaries of the spinal cord?

A
  • begins are foramen magnum of skull as continuation of medulla
  • ends at L1/L2 vertebrae in adults
81
Q

what is the inferior end of the spinal cord known as?

A

conus medullaris
- continues as the film terminale

82
Q

what is the function of the filum terminale?

A

continuous with pia mater superiorly & anchors the spinal cord to the coccyx inferiorly

83
Q

what type of fibres are located in the anterior horns of the spinal cord?

A

efferent motor

84
Q

what type of fibres are located in the posterior horns of the spinal cord?

A
  • afferent sensory
85
Q

what do ventral & dorsal roots converge to become?

A

a spinal nerve (composed of motor & sensory fibres)

86
Q

where does spinal nerve C1 emerge from?

A

between the occipital bone of the skull & C1/atlas

87
Q

where do all spinal nerves emerge? how are they numbered?

A

between adjacent vertebrae (apart from spinal nerve C1)
- numbered according to the vertebra below them (C8 is the exception)

88
Q

what is a myotome?

A

anatomically & functionally related group of skeletal muscle

89
Q

what is a dermatome?

A

localised area of skin

90
Q

what is interesting about spinal nerve C1 (in relation to myotomes & dermatomes)?

A
  • has no dermatome
    lacks significant afferent component & does not supply the skin

bds3 anatomy student 2 (26 decks)

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