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Gross 2 > Gross 2 Ex 2 Clinical Aspects > Flashcards

Gross 2 Ex 2 Clinical Aspects Flashcards

100

1
Q

lymphogenous metastasis

A

the spread of cancer via the lymphatic system

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2
Q

sentinal node

A

an enlarged supraclavicular node, usually on the left side; often the first indication of a viceral tumor of the thorax of the abdomen

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3
Q

lymphoma

A

a primary tumor of the lymph nodes

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4
Q

hodgkin’s disease

A

a type of lymphoma, nonaggressive, usually fatal in 20 years

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5
Q

non-hodgkin’s lymphoma

A

aggressive type of lymphoma, usually fatal within 2 years

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6
Q

infection

A

an enlarged lymph node which is painful or tender usually indicates what?

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7
Q

cyst or cancer

A

an enlarged lymph node which is hard and painless usually indicates what?

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8
Q

breast cancer

A
  • most common cancer in women
  • spreads to lymphatics first before entering venous system
  • usually spreads to axilla first
  • posterior intercostal veins drain to azygos and hemiazygos systems
  • conections to vertebral venous plexus allows spread to vertebral column and brain
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9
Q

dimpling

A

clinical sign of breast cancer, due to the invasion of the suspensatory ligament

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10
Q

inverted nipple

A

clinical sign of breast cancer, due to invasion of the lactiferous ducts

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11
Q

leather thickening of skin

A

clinical sign of breast cancer, skin turns to look like an orange peel

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12
Q

sternum

A

major source of red blood cell production in the costal area

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13
Q

xiphoid process

A

what is sometimes broken during CPR

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14
Q

pneumothorax

A

pleural cavity fills with air

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15
Q

trauma,coughing disease, congenital weakspot

A

what are the causes of pneumothorax

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16
Q

tension pneumothorax

A

instead of a hole, a flap is present in the viceral pleura

-pleural cavity inflates like a balloon which compresses the lung.

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17
Q

hemothorax

A

pleural cavity fills with blood,

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18
Q

hemopneumothorax

A

pleural cavity fills with air AND blood

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19
Q

pleuritis

A 
inflamation of the pleura; 
pain radiates to shoulder;
viceral and parietal stick together; 
usually viral;
can be heard as a friction rub on an auscultation
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20
Q

bronchitis and atelectasis

A

swallowing a button or a small object can cause what conditions if the object makes it past the carina in the tracheobronchial tree.

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21
Q

bronchitis

A

inflamation of the segmental bronchi (smooth muscle)

22
Q

bronchiolitis

A

inflamation of the bronchioles (smooth muscle)

23
Q

pneumonia

A

inflamation of the alveoli (cell membrane)

24
Q

asthma

A

obstructed airway disease;
coughing attacks, wheezing, breathing difficulty;
excessive mucus secretion;

25
Q

extrinsic asthma

A

asthma triggered by alergens

26
Q

intrinsic asthma

A

asthma triggered by exercise, cold, or stress [non-alergen]

27
Q

T2-T5 and T9-T11

A

chiropractic adjustments of segments __-__ and __-__may help alleviate symptoms and pain

28
Q

smoker’s cough

A

damage to cilia which inhibits muco-cilliary clearance can cause what?

29
Q

bronchogenic carcinoma

A

a primary tumor of the bronchus
directly related to smoking and air pollution
highly metastatic
spreads quickly to lymph nodes and blood stream
often causes an enlargement of the sentinal node

30
Q

mid to upper thorasic

A

infrathorasic diseases such as bronchogenic carcinoma may refer pain to which area?

31
Q

hiatal hernia

A

Due to weakness of diaphragmatic wall around the esophageal hiatus,
the upper part of the stomach slides up into the thorasic cavity through the opening.
Most common in people over 50, obese, and those with digestion problems.
Symptoms include gastroesophageal reflux and belching and epigastric pain.
Adjusting C3-C5 can sometimes help.

32
Q

phrenic nerve

A

hiccups can be caused by irritation of what nerve?

33
Q

brain lesions, pleuritis, pericarditis, peritonitus

A

hiccups may be an underlying condition for what?

34
Q

cardiac tamponade

A

fibrous pericardium is very unyielding: if fluid leaks rapidly into the cavity, the outer wall will hold and compress the heart and may cut off blood flow [superior vena cava] external jugular vein becomes prominent first, followed by the rest of the facial blood vessels.

35
Q

pericardial friction rub

A

sounds similar to pleural friction rub but still persists when the patient holds their breath

36
Q

pulmonary embolism

A

obstruction of the pulmonary artery by a blood clot [embolous] blood flow to the lung is blocked and causes respirtory distress and dilation of the right atrium and ventricle, can kill in minutes.

37
Q

anterior

A

the pulmonary valve has 3 cusps. one left, one right, and one ________?

38
Q

posterior

A

the aortic valve has 3 cusps. one left, one right, and one ______?

39
Q

anterior and posterior

A

what are the two mitral cusps?

40
Q

anterior, posterior, septal

A

what are the three cusps of the tricuspid valve?

41
Q

atrial septal defect

A

25% of adults, the foramen ovale persists as a small opening tin the superior part of the fossa ovalis. also known as a patent probe foramen when it is small oxygenated blood can be shunted from the left atrium to the right causing dilation of the right atrium and ventricle

42
Q

Muscular hypertrophy

A

enlargement of the heart; vascular elasticity is lost with age, usually resulting from hypertension and atherosclerosis heart walls grow larger to be able to push the blood through.

43
Q

Dilation of a chamber

A

type of heart enlargement occurs due to septal defects, or valve incompitency (not closing correctly)

44
Q

left atrium

A

if mitral valve is incompitent, which part of the heart enlarges?

45
Q

OPEN

A

semilunar valves _______ with ventricular contraction

46
Q

CLOSE

A

atrioventricular valves _________ with ventricular contraction

47
Q

coronary bridging

A

coronary arteries sometimes dive under mycocardium. this process is called what?

48
Q

atherosclerosis

A

deposition of lipid plagues on the inner walls of the artery, a subdivision of arteriosclerosis, the thickening and loss of elasticity of arterial walls

49
Q

angina pectoris

A

substernal chest pain upon exertion, partial eclusion of an artery results in this condition due to inefficient blood flow (ischemia)

50
Q

myocardial infarction

A

aka heart attack, occurs when a coronary artery branch becomes completely occluded [blocked], the portion of the heart that is supplied undergoes necrosis and dies and turns to scar tissue

51
Q

anterior interventricular artery - 50%, most fatal
right coronary artery – 30-40%
circumflex artery – 15-20%

A

what are the most common sites of myocardial infarction?

52
Q

T1-T4

A

constriction of this could lead to parasympathetic dominance which in turn could constrict coronary arteries which makes it easier to get a heart attack

Gross 2 (5 decks)

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