Gross 2 Ex 2 Clinical Aspects Flashcards
100
lymphogenous metastasis
the spread of cancer via the lymphatic system
sentinal node
an enlarged supraclavicular node, usually on the left side; often the first indication of a viceral tumor of the thorax of the abdomen
lymphoma
a primary tumor of the lymph nodes
hodgkin’s disease
a type of lymphoma, nonaggressive, usually fatal in 20 years
non-hodgkin’s lymphoma
aggressive type of lymphoma, usually fatal within 2 years
infection
an enlarged lymph node which is painful or tender usually indicates what?
cyst or cancer
an enlarged lymph node which is hard and painless usually indicates what?
breast cancer
- most common cancer in women
- spreads to lymphatics first before entering venous system
- usually spreads to axilla first
- posterior intercostal veins drain to azygos and hemiazygos systems
- conections to vertebral venous plexus allows spread to vertebral column and brain
dimpling
clinical sign of breast cancer, due to the invasion of the suspensatory ligament
inverted nipple
clinical sign of breast cancer, due to invasion of the lactiferous ducts
leather thickening of skin
clinical sign of breast cancer, skin turns to look like an orange peel
sternum
major source of red blood cell production in the costal area
xiphoid process
what is sometimes broken during CPR
pneumothorax
pleural cavity fills with air
trauma,coughing disease, congenital weakspot
what are the causes of pneumothorax
tension pneumothorax
instead of a hole, a flap is present in the viceral pleura
-pleural cavity inflates like a balloon which compresses the lung.
hemothorax
pleural cavity fills with blood,
hemopneumothorax
pleural cavity fills with air AND blood
pleuritis
inflamation of the pleura; pain radiates to shoulder; viceral and parietal stick together; usually viral; can be heard as a friction rub on an auscultation
bronchitis and atelectasis
swallowing a button or a small object can cause what conditions if the object makes it past the carina in the tracheobronchial tree.
bronchitis
inflamation of the segmental bronchi (smooth muscle)
bronchiolitis
inflamation of the bronchioles (smooth muscle)
pneumonia
inflamation of the alveoli (cell membrane)
asthma
obstructed airway disease;
coughing attacks, wheezing, breathing difficulty;
excessive mucus secretion;
extrinsic asthma
asthma triggered by alergens
intrinsic asthma
asthma triggered by exercise, cold, or stress [non-alergen]
T2-T5 and T9-T11
chiropractic adjustments of segments __-__ and __-__may help alleviate symptoms and pain
smoker’s cough
damage to cilia which inhibits muco-cilliary clearance can cause what?
bronchogenic carcinoma
a primary tumor of the bronchus
directly related to smoking and air pollution
highly metastatic
spreads quickly to lymph nodes and blood stream
often causes an enlargement of the sentinal node
mid to upper thorasic
infrathorasic diseases such as bronchogenic carcinoma may refer pain to which area?
hiatal hernia
Due to weakness of diaphragmatic wall around the esophageal hiatus,
the upper part of the stomach slides up into the thorasic cavity through the opening.
Most common in people over 50, obese, and those with digestion problems.
Symptoms include gastroesophageal reflux and belching and epigastric pain.
Adjusting C3-C5 can sometimes help.
phrenic nerve
hiccups can be caused by irritation of what nerve?
brain lesions, pleuritis, pericarditis, peritonitus
hiccups may be an underlying condition for what?
cardiac tamponade
fibrous pericardium is very unyielding: if fluid leaks rapidly into the cavity, the outer wall will hold and compress the heart and may cut off blood flow [superior vena cava] external jugular vein becomes prominent first, followed by the rest of the facial blood vessels.
pericardial friction rub
sounds similar to pleural friction rub but still persists when the patient holds their breath
pulmonary embolism
obstruction of the pulmonary artery by a blood clot [embolous] blood flow to the lung is blocked and causes respirtory distress and dilation of the right atrium and ventricle, can kill in minutes.
anterior
the pulmonary valve has 3 cusps. one left, one right, and one ________?
posterior
the aortic valve has 3 cusps. one left, one right, and one ______?
anterior and posterior
what are the two mitral cusps?
anterior, posterior, septal
what are the three cusps of the tricuspid valve?
atrial septal defect
25% of adults, the foramen ovale persists as a small opening tin the superior part of the fossa ovalis. also known as a patent probe foramen when it is small oxygenated blood can be shunted from the left atrium to the right causing dilation of the right atrium and ventricle
Muscular hypertrophy
enlargement of the heart; vascular elasticity is lost with age, usually resulting from hypertension and atherosclerosis heart walls grow larger to be able to push the blood through.
Dilation of a chamber
type of heart enlargement occurs due to septal defects, or valve incompitency (not closing correctly)
left atrium
if mitral valve is incompitent, which part of the heart enlarges?
OPEN
semilunar valves _______ with ventricular contraction
CLOSE
atrioventricular valves _________ with ventricular contraction
coronary bridging
coronary arteries sometimes dive under mycocardium. this process is called what?
atherosclerosis
deposition of lipid plagues on the inner walls of the artery, a subdivision of arteriosclerosis, the thickening and loss of elasticity of arterial walls
angina pectoris
substernal chest pain upon exertion, partial eclusion of an artery results in this condition due to inefficient blood flow (ischemia)
myocardial infarction
aka heart attack, occurs when a coronary artery branch becomes completely occluded [blocked], the portion of the heart that is supplied undergoes necrosis and dies and turns to scar tissue
anterior interventricular artery - 50%, most fatal
right coronary artery – 30-40%
circumflex artery – 15-20%
what are the most common sites of myocardial infarction?
T1-T4
constriction of this could lead to parasympathetic dominance which in turn could constrict coronary arteries which makes it easier to get a heart attack
