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GRFC > GRFC - renal system > Flashcards

GRFC - renal system Flashcards

1
Q

General functions of the renal system

A
  • Elimination of waste products (bilirubin, uric acid, urea)
  • Controls plasma volume in the body
  • Acid-base balance
  • Controls BP (via renin through RAAS)
  • Produces hormones
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2
Q

RAAS

A
  • Activated by renin in response to dehydration or excessive bleeding
  • Decreased BP –> activation of juxtaglomerular cells –> kidneys produce renin
  • Increased renin –> renin converts angiotensinogen to angiotensin I
  • Increased angiotensin I –> as blood flows in the capillaries of the lungs –> ACE converts angiotensin I into angiotensin II

–Angiotensin II is a potent vasoconstrictor (increases BP)

–Angiotensin II stimulates adrenal cortex to produce aldosterone (resorption of H2O; normalize BP by increasing it)

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3
Q

Calcitriol

A

1,25-dihydroxylcholecalciferol

Active form of Vitamin D; for resorption of calcium

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4
Q

Erythropoeitin

A

Stimulation of new RBCs in the bone marrow

  • 90% produced in kidneys
  • 10% produced in liver
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5
Q

Kidneys

A
  • Bean-shaped
  • Level of kidneys: T12 - L3
  • Right kidney is lower d/t the presence of the liver
  • Location: Retroperitoneal (thus protection by lower ribs)
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6
Q

External anatomy of kidneys

A
  • Renal capsule - barrier to trauma
  • Adipose tissue - contains fats; middle layer of tissue (if decreased fats, kidney will fall [ptosis], called nephroptosis)
  • Renal fascia - anchors the kidneys to the abdominal wall
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7
Q

Internal anatomy of kidney

A
  • Renal cortex - outer region

* Renal medulla - inner region; contains renal pyramids

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8
Q

Nephron

A

Functional unit of kidneys

Responsible for urine formation
*2 million nephrons in the body

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9
Q

2 main structures of a nephron

A
  • Renal corpuscle: glomerulus + bowman’s capsule

* Renal tubule: PCT, LoH, DCT, CT

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10
Q

2 types of nephrons

A
  • Cortical nephron: part of the nephron that lies in the renal cortex
  • Juxtamedullary nephron: part of the nephron that lies in the renal medulla
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11
Q

Types of collecting ducts

A
  • Cortical collecting duct: collecting duct on the renal cortex
  • Meullary collecting duct: collecting duct on the renal medulla
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12
Q

Formation of urine

A
  1. Glomerular filtration

2. Tubular reabsorption

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13
Q

Glomerular filtration

A

Filtered by filtration membrane composed of podocytes and endothelial cells

Allows H2O snd small solutes to pass through

Does not permit proteins, platelets, and blood cells to pass through

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14
Q

Net filtration pressure

A

10 mmHg

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15
Q

Glomerular filtration rate

A

Amount of filtrate found in all renal corpuscles in both kidneys

  • Male: 125 mL/min
  • Female: 105 mL/min
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16
Q

Tubular reabsorption

A
  1. PCT (workhorse of nephron):
    * Loves H2O: 65% reabsorption (most H2O reabsorption)
    * 100% absorption of glucose
    * Luminal fluid is concentrated (decreased H2O)
  2. Thin descending LoH
    * Loves H2O: Reabsorption of H2O
    * Hates solutes: No reabsorption of Na, urea, and Cl
    * Luminal fluid is concentrated
  3. Thin ascending LoH
    * Hates H2O: No absorption of H2O
    * Loves Na and Cl: Reabsorption of Na and Cl
    * Luminal fluid is diluted
  4. Thick ascending LoH
    * Hates H2O: No absorption if H2O
    * Loves ions: Reabsorption of Na, Cl, K, other ions
    * Luminal fluid: More diluted
  5. DCT + CT
    * No reabsorption of H2O
    * Receives diluted luminal fluid
    * If with ADH, with reabsorption of H2O (receives concentrated fluid)
17
Q

From DCT and CT

A

To:

  • Medullary collecting duct
  • Minor calyx
  • Major calyx
  • Ureter
18
Q

Urochrome/ urobilin

A

Responsible for urine color

Urine is diluted in nature (pale yellow to orange)

19
Q

ADH/ vasopressin

A

Secreted by neurohypophysis

Attaches on DCT

20
Q

Ureter

A

Composed of smooth muscles

25 - 30 cm long

21
Q

Urinary bladder

A

Has a smooth muscle called “detrusor muscle”

500 mL, normal storage

700 - 800 mL, dribbles

Innervated by S2, S3, S4 (or S2, S3)

At 200 - 300 mL, can be suppressed

Micturition reflex - voiding

22
Q

Urethra

A

Terminal end organ of the renal system

  • Male: ~20 cm
  • Female: 3 - 4 cm
23
Q

UTI

A

Females more than males

24
Q

2 urethral sphincters

A

Internal urethral sphincter: involuntary

External urethral sphincter: voluntary sphincter

25
Q

Overflow incontinence

A

Inability to empty completely

Caused by atonic bladder

(+) dribbles

26
Q

Stress incontinence

A

Normal bladder

Weakness of supporting structures

Increased abdominal pressure facilitates urination

27
Q

Urge incontinence

A

Caused by neurogenic bladder/ overactive bladder

Caused by damage to nerves, the urinary system, or the muscles

Bladder has involuntary contractures

Urinates >8 times a day

28
Q

Functional incontinence

A

Physical or mental problems preventing the person to reach the bathroom/ toilet in time

No nerve, urinary system, or muscle damage

29
Q

Mixed incontinence

A

Combination of stress and urge incontinence

30
Q

Transient incontinence

A

Temporary incontinence brought about by a short-lived medical condition or medications

31
Q

Total incontinence

A

Complete loss of urinary control (SCI, MS)

32
Q

Components of the renal system

A
  • Kidneys
  • Ureters
  • Bladder
  • Urethra

GRFC (5 decks)

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