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GRFC > GRFC - electrotherapy > Flashcards

GRFC - electrotherapy Flashcards

1
Q

Electricity

A

Form of energy composed of atoms
Proton (+)
Neutron
Electron (-)

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2
Q

Voltage/ electromotive force

A

Force that moves or drives electrons

Unit of measure: Volt

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3
Q

Current/ current intensity

A

Net flow of electrons
(+), (-), or both (+) and (-)

Unit of measure: Ampere

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4
Q

Resistance

A

Opposition to electron flow

Unit of measure: Ohm

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5
Q

Ohm’s law

A

I = V/R

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6
Q

Conductor

A

Facilitates electron flow or flow or electricity

Examples include H2O, metals, among others

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7
Q

Resistor/ insulator

A

Resists electron flow

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8
Q

Ions

A

Charged particles
Cation (+)
Anion (-)

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9
Q

Electrotherapy

A

The use of electric current and its variants in rehabilitation and treatment

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10
Q

Differences between cathode and anode in terms of

  • pH
  • risk for burns
  • skin color
  • polarization
  • NCV
  • effect
  • function/indication
A

(pH)

  • anode acidic
  • cathode basic

(risk for burns)

  • anode less risk
  • cathode more risk

(skin color)

  • anode pinkish hyperemia (blush)
  • cathode mottled red

(polarization)

  • anode hyperpolarization
  • cathode depolarization

(NCV)

  • anode decrease NCV
  • cathode increase NCV

(effect)

  • anode sclerosis (hardening)
  • cathode sclerolysis (softening)

(function/indication)

  • anode wound closure, skin hardening
  • cathode disinfection
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11
Q

Law of magnetism

A

Opposite charges attract

Like charges repel

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12
Q

Electrotonus

A

Anelectrotonus: decreased muscle activity caused by anode

Catelectrotonus: increased muscle activity caused by cathode

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13
Q

Pleuger’s law/ polar formula/ Erb’s formula

A

For normal or innervated muscles, or for those with UMNL:
-COC-ACC-AOC-COC

For those with denervated muscles, for those with LMNL:
-ACC-COC-COC-AOC

NOTE:

  • COC: cathode opening circuit
  • CCC: cathode closing circuit
  • AOC: anode opening circuit
  • ACC: anode closing circuit
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14
Q

Resting membrane potentials

A

Muscle: -90mV
Nerve: -70mV
Heart: -88mV
GIT: -56mV

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15
Q

Electrical properties of nerves

A
  • Electrical excitability/ resting membrane potential
  • Refractory period
  • Accommodation
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16
Q

Factors affecting resting membrane potential

A
  • Speed
  • Intensity
  • Duration
17
Q

Types of refractory period

A

Absolute refractory period:
-No AP can be generated even with supramaximal stimulus

Relative refractory period
-AP can be generated with supramaximal stimulus

18
Q

Accommodation

A

Decreasing intensity as the body adapts

19
Q

Dubois Raymond law

A

A sudden change in current intensity is needed to stimulate a nerve

20
Q

Types and characteristics of currents

A

LFC

  • frequency (Wadsworth): 1Hz to 2000Hz
  • frequency (O’Sullivan): 1Hz to 1000Hz
  • affects innervated and denervated muscles
  • for motor purposes
  • AC, DC, ES, FES, NMES, TENS (value)

MFC

  • frequency (Wadsworth): 3000Hz to 6000Hz
  • frequency (O’Sullivan): 1000Hz to 10000Hz
  • affects innervated muscles
  • for sensory purposes
  • IFC, Russian current, TENS (effect)

HFC

  • frequency (Wadsworth): >500000Hz
  • frequency (O’Sullivan): >10000Hz
  • does not affect nerves
  • for thermal purposes
  • UTZ, SWD, MWD, IRR-UVR, LASER
21
Q

Direct/ monophasic/ Galvanic current

A

One phase/ polarity

Best for wound healing (especially high volt pulsed Galvanic current (HVPGC))

Best for denervated muscles (especially rheobasic current)

22
Q

Types of direct current

A

Direct continuous/ direct uninterrupted:
No off-time or pulsed interval
For iontophoresis
Incrased risk for medical Galvanism (burn, fatigue)

Direct pulsed/ direct interrupted:
With off-time
Decreases risk for burn or fatigue

23
Q

Types of direct interrupted/ direct pulsed current

A 
Short DIC/ Faradic type
Frequency: 50Hz to 70Hz
Pulse duration: 0.02ms to 1ms
Application: Tetanic contraction
Sensation: Marked stabbing
Use: For innervated muscles

Long DIC

24
Q

Types of long direct current/ long direct interrupted current

A

Rectangular long DIC/ quick rise
Frequency: no fixed
Pulse duration: 1ms - 600ms
Use: For innervated, denervated muscles

Sharp long DIC/ exponential progressive current/ slow rise
Frequency: 300ms - 1000ms
Use: For denervated muscles
Forms: Triangular, saw-toothed, trapezoid

25
Q

Alternating current/ biphasic/ polyphasic

A

Has 2 polarities; switches from (+) to (-) to (+)

Decreased risk of burn and fatigue

26
Q

Types of alternating current

A 
Faradic
Uneven, assymmetrical AC
Frequency: 50Hz
Pulse duration: 1ms
Application: Tetanic contraction
Sensation: Mild tingling
Use: For innervated muscle
Sinusoidal
Even, symmetric
Frequency: 50Hz
Pulse duration: 10ms
Application: Tetanic contraction
Sensation: Mild tingling
Use: For innervated muscle
27
Q

Iontophoresis

A

Process of introducting medications (in the form of ions) to the body via electricity

28
Q

Principles in iontophoresis

A

Like charges repel
Hydrolysis
Electrolysis
Ionization

29
Q

Factors affecting ion transfer

A

Duration
Ion concentration
Current intensity

30
Q

Anion medications

A 
NaCl - for muscular adhesions/ connections
Salicylic acid - inflammation, pain, analgesia
Acetic acid - calcium deposits
Iodine - wounds and keloid scars
Dexamethasone - inflammation, pain
H2O - for iontophoresis
C (-caine) - pain
C (-cortisone) - inflammation
31
Q

Cation medications

A

Remotin - adhesions
Mecholyl sulfate - scleroderma, varicose ulcers, chronic arthritis, sympathetic RSD
Hyaluronidase - edema
Glycopyronium bromide glycoprolate - hyperhidrosis
Vinca alkaloid - neuralgia (lirica), nerve pain (tic douloureux)
MgSO4; CaCl - muscle spasm
CuSO4 - fungal infections
ZnSO4 - hay fever, allergic rhinitis, indolent ulcers

32
Q

Bipolar medications

A 
NaCl
Dexamethasone
(-) wyadase, not pure dexamethasone, with hyalunoridase, (+) decadone
C (-caine)
C (-cortisone)
33
Q

LFC application methods

A

Monopolar
1 pair - 1 active, 1 dispersive
1 active on muscle belly, motor point, nerve trunk
1 dispersive anywhere near
For innervated muscle
EXCEPTION: Bell’s palsy (denervated) - use pen-type electrode

Bipolar
1 pair - 2 active
2 active on muscle belly, muscle bulk, motor point
For innervated or denervated muscle

GRFC (5 decks)

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