GFRC - human growth and development Flashcards
Development
Refinement and acquisition of skills
Embryonic development
Development that happens in the first two months
Fetal development
Development that happens after the first 2 months
Gestational age of fetus
38 weeks to 42 weeks
(premature
Conceptional age of fetus
Since conception
Maternal infections
[SToRCH] Syphilis Toxoplasmosis Rubella Cytomegalovirus Herpes simplex
GP(FPAL)
Gravida Parity Full term Pre-term Abortion Live birth
APGAR scale
Appearance Pulse Grimace Activity Respiration
Head circumference
Glabella to occipital protuberance
Birth: 35cm
At 4 months: 41cm
At 12 months: 47cm
Adult: 57cm
+0.25cm per month on 5th to 12th month
Head to trunk circumference ratio
CC
=1 year: HC=CC
>1 year: HC
Center of gravity
Child: Xiphoid process
Adult: 1” anterior to S2
Height
Birth: 50cm
Adult: Twice that of the child at 2 years old
Newborn weight
Average: 3.5kg
Range: 2.5kg to 4.5kg
Positional evolution of knee
Newborn: Moderate genu varum
6 months: Minimal genu varum
1 year and 7 months (19 months): Straight legs
2 years and 6 months (30 months) : Physiologic genu valgum
Adult: Straight legs with normal toe-out
Eric Erickson’s stages of development
Trust vs mistrust Autonomy vs shame and doubt Initiative vs guilt Industry vs inferiority Identity vs identity confusion Intimacy vs isolation Generativity vs stagnation Integrity vs despair
Piaget’s stages of cognitive development
Sensorimotor: immature reflex - birth to 2 months
Preoperational: symbolic language - 2 months to 7 months
Concrete operations: logical thinkung - 7 months to 11 months
Formal operations: abstract thinking - 11 months onwards
IQ scoring
>130: very superior/ genius 120-129: superior 110-119: above average 90-109: average 80-89: below average 70-79: borderline 50-69: mild MR (moron) 35-49: moderate MR (imbecile) 20-34: severe MR (idiot) 10-19: profound MR (idiot)
Babinski reflex
Age: 0 month - 12 months
Stimulus: Stroke lateral plantar aspect
Response: Extension of big toe and fanning of toes
Flexor withdrawal reflex
Age: 0 month - 2 months
Stimulus: Quick sharp pressure to sole or palm
Response: Withdrawal of extremity
Crossed extension reflex
Age: 0 month - 2 months
Stimulus: Quick sharp pressure to sole
Response: Withdrawal of I/L extremity, extension of C/L extremity
Galant (trunk incurvation) reflex
Age: 0 month to 2 months
Stimulus: Stroke along paravertebral line from scapula to top of iliac crest
Response: Trunk lateral flexion towards stimulated side
Rooting reflex
Age: 0 month - 3 months
Stimulus: Stroke peri-oral region
Response: Head turn towards stimulus, mouth open
Moro reflex
Age: 0 month - 4 months
Stimulus: Sudden neck extension
Response: Shoulder flexion, abduction, elbow extension, followed by shoulder adduction, elbow flexion, cry
NOTE: last to be tested
Palmar grasp reflex
Age: 0 month - 4 months
Stimulus: Pressure against palm
Response: Grasp with slow release
Asymmetric tonic neck reflex
Age: 0 month - 5 months
Stimulus: Head rotation
Response: UE extension on chin side, UE flexion on occiput side
Sucking reflex
Age: 0 month - 6 months
Stimulus: Touch lips, tongue, palate
Response: Automatic sucking
Tonic labyrinthine reflex
Age: 0 month - 6 months
Stimulus: Prone / supine
Response: Increased flexor tone / increased extensor tone
Startle reflex
Age: 0 month - 6 months
Stimulus: Loud noise, sudden light or cold stimulus
Response: Whole body jerk, or shoulder extension and abduction, followed by shoulder adduction
Placing reaction
Age: 0 month - 6 months
Stimulus: Drag dorsum of foot or hand against edge of table
Response: Placing of foot or hand on edge of table
Plantar grasp
Age: 0 month - 9 months
Stimulus: Pressure against sole, place foot on floor
Response: Curling of toes
Barlow’s test
Barlow (dislocation)
Ortolani’s test
Ortolani (relocation)
Milestones (newborn)
Gross motor: Flexor tone predominance
Fine motor: Palmar grasp
Speech: Cry
P/S: Habituation state dependence
Milestones (1 month)
Motor: Midline hand play, hands mostly open
Milestones (4 months)
Gross motor: Prone to supine, head in midline Motor: Head in midline, lap baby Fine motor: Crude palmar grasp Speech: Coos (squeals, chuckles, laughs) P/S: recognizes bottle
Milestones (5 months)
Gross motor (others): Pulls to sit
Growth
Increase in physical size and dimension relative to maturity
Milestones (6 months)
Gross motor (other): Sits with support
Milestones (8 months)
Gross motor (others): Sits without support
Milestones (7 months)
Gross motor: Supine to prone
Motor: Holds bottle, transfers objects ufrom hand to handt
Fine motor: Intermediate grasp, transfers objects from hand to hand
Speech: 1 syllable
P/S: Holds bottle, stranger anxiety, separation anxiety
Milestones (10 months)
Gross motor: Creeps, cruises, pivots in sitting, (others: pulls to stand)
Motor: Cruises, pivots in sitting, pincer grasp, peek-a-boo, bye-bye
Fine motor: Pincer grasp
Speech: 2 syllables
P/S: Peek-a-boo, finger feeds, love affair with the world
Milestones (14 months)
Gross motor: Walks with high guard Motor: High guard Fine motor: Holds crayon in full length, scribbles Speech: 1 word P/S: Uses spoon with overpronation
Milestones (18 months)
Gross motor: Walks with low guard Motor: Low guard, walks backwards Fine motor: Holds crayon on butt end Speech: Points to body parts, identifies pictures P/S: Drinks from cup neatly
Milestones (2 years)
Gross motor: Jumps with (B) LE in place (others: starts to run, up and down stairs)
Motor: Jumps with (B) LE in place
Fine motor: Pencil shaft between thumb and finger, draws vertical line
Speech: 2-word sentence
P/S: Pulls on garments, uses spoon well
Milestones (3 years)
Gross motor: Pedals a tricycle, broad jump (others: mature walking, unstable tandem walking, runs well, alternating up stairs)
Motor: Overhand throw
Fine motor: Overhand throw
Speech: 3-word sentence, stutters, copies circle
P/S: Toilet trained, pours from pitcher
Milestones (4 years)
Gross motor: Hops (others: alternating down stairs)
Motor: Underhand with scissors
Fine motor: Underhand throw, scissors, draws small cross
Speech: Repeats 4 digits
P/S: Dresses with supervision
Milestones (5 years)
Gross motor: Tiptoes (others: stable tandem walking, skips) Motor: Diagonal, brushes teeth Fine motor: Diagonal, draws triangle Speech: Counts 1 to 10, fluent P/S: Dresses without supervision
Milestones (6 years)
Gross motor: Bicycles, skates
Fine motor: Mature catch and throw, horizontal rhombus
Speech: Mastery of grammar
P/S: Shoe lace
Milestones (7 years)
Gross motor: Refinement of skills (others: normal/established walking)
Fine motor: Vertical rhombus
P/S: Eats with fork and knife
Embryonic development (week 1)
Fertilization (union of sperm and egg)
Zygote (fertilized egg)
Blastomere (cell within a cell from cleavage formation)
Morula (solid sphere of cells) forms trophoblast and embryoblast
*Trophoblast (where placenta arises)
*Embryoblast (baby, where fetus arises)
Embryonic development (week 2)
Development of trophoblast (hallmark)
Development of bilaminar embryonic disc which forms epiblast and hypoblast
*Ectoderm (from epiblast)
*Endoderm (from hypoblast)
Development of chorion
Development of sinusoid -> lacunae -> extraembryonic coelom
Embryonic development (week 3)
Development of gastula which form ectoderm, mesoderm, and endoderm Formation of primary brain vescicle Development of notochord -> vertebrae Neurolation (hallmark) *Neural plate *Neural fold *Neural groove *Neural crest *Neural tube Development of intraembryonic coelom
Embryonic development (week 4)
Formation of limb bud placodes (optic, otic)
Embryonic development (week 5)
Growth of brain and head
Development of secondary brain vescicle
Embryonic development (week 6)
Growth of limbs
Development of 4 chambers of heart
Embryonic development (week 7)
Differentiation of external genitalia
Disappearance of tail
Fetal development (week 8)
Isolated muscle contraction
Fetal development (week 12)
Bile
Fetal development (week 14)
Graceful movement
Fetal development (week 16)
Meconium (“poop”)
Fetal development (week 17)
Grasp reflex
Upper lip protrusion
Fetal development (week 20)
Upper lip and lower lip protrusion
Fetal development (week 22)
Phonation
Fetal development (week 24 - 26)
Moro reflex (can be at 25th)
Sucking
Plantar grasp
Milestones (8 years)
Fine motor: Big cross
Milestones (9 years)
Fine motor: Cylinder
Milestones (10 years)
Fine motor: Cube
