Greece Flashcards
When and where did winemaking in Greece likely begin?
- History of Greek wine begins on Crete with Minoan civilization
- Likely received instruction from Egypt around 2500 BC
- Viticulture spread from Crete to Santorini
- Greeks are responsible for spreading viticulture from Crete and Santorini, up through mainland Greece, throughout the Mediterranean and Black Sea, up the Danube almost as far as Austria
What are the origins of Retsina?
- Early Greeks traded wine
- Wine was always cut with water, sometimes sea water and often mixed with a range of ingredients, from herbs to spices to honey
- Wine was transported in amphorae made from clay
- Containers were often sealed with pine resin
- Origin of today’s Retsina
When did wine stop being diluted with water and barrels were introduced?
Christian Byzantine Empire introduced barrels in the 6th century
- Sweet wines from grapes dried on straw became popular
- Stopped diluting wine with water
What events caused the Greek wine industry to suffer?
- 11th Century, Venetians were granted favorable trading status crippling the Greek wine industry
- Ottoman Turks took over in 1400 and wine industry continued to perish
– Vineyards were abandoned - Retreating armies in the Greek Independence war, 1831-1832, burned vineyards on their way back to Turkey
What was a major export of Greece before phylloxera?
Raisins!
How did Greece replace wine production during phylloxera?
- When Phylloxera wiped out vineyards in Europe, some Greeks made from raisins steeped in water
- During 1880s, Greece raisins went from 24,000 to 114,000 hectares
- Mostly in the Peloponnese
- When France recovered, they outlawed Greek Raisin wine
when did Phylloxera arrive in Greece?
1889
- Didn’t reach Crete until 1970s
In 2016 was percentage of Greek production was Retsina?
7-7.5%
When did bottling become common in Greece?
1950s and 1960s
When did the first wine laws in Greece get passed?
First wine laws, modeled France, were passed in 1969 and 1970
What companies were spearheading quality and modern production methods in the 50s and 60s?
Boutari
Achaia Clauss
Kambas
Kourtakis
Tsantali
Domaine Porto Carras
When Greece join the EU?
1981
How is Retsina made?
- Production spiked when it became the “drink of Greece” when tourism spiked in the 1950s
- Today the resin is from aleppo pine trees and steeped during the first half of fermentation with a sort of tea bag
- Resin must account for 0.15 to 1.0% of wine’s final volume
- One of only two traditional PGIs
– Verdea is other - Mostly in central Greece
- Must be produced exclusively from the Savatiano and Roditis varieties
- Roditis, pink-skinned, can be used to create a rose of Retsina called Kokkinelli
Someone is making a retsina pet nat…
Which appellations can label Greece?
- 15 different appellations can put it on the label
– Gialtra, Evia, Karystos, Viotia, Thebes, Halkida, Megara, Attica, Pallini, Pikermi, Spata, Mesogia, Markopoulos, Peania, and Koropi.
What are the traditional PGIs in Greece?
Verdea
- Oxidized white wine from the Ionian island Zakynthos
Retsina
- Can be produced in 15 locations
- Cannot be labeled with a vintage
What are the most planted grapes in Greece?
90% are divided among 300 indigenous varieties
- Savatiano (16.52%)
- Roditis (14.34%)
- Agiorgitiko (5.28%)
- Liatiko (3.85%)
- Xinomavro (3.44%)
- Muscat of Hamburg (3.13%)
- Assyrtiko (3.12%)
Stats…
ha?
Growers?
Wineries?
Hecoliters?
Cases?
Rank in producer?
Percentage of worlds wine?
61,500 ha of vines
160,000 growers
1,100 wineries
2.5 million hectoliters
28 million cases
16/17th largest producer world wide
1% of the world’s wine
What parallels is Greece located within?
34th and 42nd parrallels
What countries border Greece?
Bordered to the north
- Albania
- Bulgaria
- Turkey
- North Macedoni
What percentage of Greece is covered in mountains?
70%
- 3rd most mountainous country after Switzerland and Austria
What are the major mountains in Greece?
Pindos
- Forms the spine of Greece
- Southernmost extension of the central Alps
- Extend down from the north, through Peloponnese and under the sea
– Occasionally surfaces as islands
Mount Olympus
- 3,000 m, 9,850 ft
– Greece’s tallest mountain
- Historic home of the gods
What are the wine producing islands of Greece?
Ionian Islands
- Lefkada
- Cephalonia
- Zakynthos
Crete
Aegean Islands
- Cyclades Islands
– Santorini
– Paros
- Dodecanese Islands
– Rhodes
- Northern Aegean Islands
– Samos
– Lemnos
What are the continental winegrowing regions of Greece?
Regions of Continental Greece
- Thrace
- Madedonia
- Epirus
- Thessaly
- Central Greece / Sterea Ellada
- Attica
- Peloponnese
Describe the climate of Greece
Predominately Mediterranean
- Abundant sunshine
- Hot, dry summers
- Mild winters
What is the climate of Eastern Epirus and Western Thessaly?
Eastern Eprius and Western Thessaly are more continental
- More defined seasons
- Cooler, wetter winters
What are the hottest and coldest parts of Greece?
Attica is hottest and driest
Epirus and Amynteo in Macedonia are tied for coolest
Is irrigation legal in Greece?
- Irrigation is technically forbidden across Greece but is widespread
- Government give growers exceptions for new vines and extreme drought but it is taken advantage of
What is the Meltemi Wind?
Meltemi Wind
- Sweeps across Aegean sea
- Translates to “a year of bad weather”
- Occurs when a high-pressure system falls over the Balkans and a low-pressure systems sits over Turkey
- Blows very dry air from the north between Mid-May and late-September
Profound effect on Santorini
What is driest area in Greece?
Rains are heavier in the north and west
Eastern edge and Aegean islands are driest
Most rainfall occurs from October to March
What system existed for wines in Greece before the PDO/PGI system?
When did it change to PDO/PGI system?
Before PDO/PGI System
- OPAP (Onomasia Proelefsos Anoteras Piotitos, or Controlled Appellations of Origin)
- OPE (Onomasia Proelefsos Elenghomeni, or Appellations of Superior Quality, specific to Greece’s traditional sweet wines)
- TO (Topikos Oinos) the rough equivalent of France’s Vin de Pays
2009 switched to PDO/PGI System
- OPAP and OPE were technically absorbed in it, but rarely seen on labels
How many PDOs are in Greece
33
Macedonia - 4
Thesselay - 3
Epirus - 1
Ionian Islands - 3
Peloponnese - 7
Crete - 7
Aegean Islands - 8
Which PDOs are not dedicated to native Greek varieties?
Slopes of Meliton (Macedonia)
- Red: Cabernet Sauvignon, plus Lemnio and Cabernet Franc
- White: Roditis, Assyrtiko, plus Athiri
Messenikola (Thessaly)
- Minimum 70% Mavro Mesenikola, maximum 30% combined Syrah and Carignan
How many PGIs are in Greece
120
What are the requirements for all PDOs?
- To be bottle as PDO, 100% of fruit must come be grown and vinified in that appellation
- Wine can be labeled with reserve or grande reserve
– In 2015/2016 19.62% of production was PDO
What are the requirements for all PGIs?
What are the tiers of PGIs?
- 85% of grapes must come from the appellation
- 100% of grapes must be vinified in the appellation
– In 2015/2016 62.47% of production was PGI - Three levels
– Regional
– District
– Area
— Can be as small as a vineyard
What is Cava?
Cava
- Aging designation
- White and rose min 1 year age, 6 months in barrel
- Red min 3 year age, 1 year in barrel
What is Cava?
Cava
- Aging designation
- White and rose min 1 year age, 6 months in barrel
- Red min 3 year age, 1 year in barrel
What are the rules of Table wine?
No vintage, varietal composition or region of origin on the label
What are the rules of Table wine?
No vintage, varietal composition or region of origin on the label
What are the rules of Varietal wine?
Allowed in 2011
- Allows vintage and variety to be labeled
- Min 85%
- If one variety is listed, it must be 100%
- Doesn’t allow origin on label
What are the categories of the modern Greek wine law system?
PDO
PGI
Varietal
Table Wine
What does Asproudi mean?
Asproudi
- A generic term for unknown white grapes. (aspro means whites)
What does Grand Cru mean in Greece?
Grand Cru
- Applies to certain sweet wines, made via the vin doux naturel process from selected vineyards of higher elevation
What does Reserve and Grand Reserve mean in Greece?
Reserve/Grande Reserve
- PDO wines only
- White
– Min 2 years aging
— 1 year barrel less than 600L
— 6 months bottle
- Red
– Min 4 years aging
— 18 months barrel
— 18 months bottle
What does Reserve and Grand Reserve mean in Greece?
Reserve/Grande Reserve
- PDO wines only
- White
– Min 2 years aging
— 1 year barrel less than 600L
— 6 months bottle
- Red
– Min 4 years aging
— 18 months barrel
— 18 months bottle
What is Kouloura/stefani?
Kouloura/stefani
- Traditional method of training vines on Santorini. Vines are trained along the ground in a basket shape protecting grapes from harsh winds
What does Ktima mean?
Ktima - Estate
What is Mavroudi?
Mavroudi
- Native variety but also a generic term for unknown red grapes
- Mavro means black
What does Paleomenos se vareli mean?
Paleomenos se vareli
- Indicates aged beyond minimum requires on PDO, PGI and Varietal wines labeled with cava, reserve, grande reserve
