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LARE SECTION 4 > Greater Detail: STRUCTURES & MATERIALS > Flashcards

Greater Detail: STRUCTURES & MATERIALS Flashcards

1
Q

The incorporation of tiny air bubbles into concrete to improve its workability, strength, and resistance to frost

A

Air Entertainment

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2
Q

Lightweight, corrosion resistant metal with high conductivity but no magnetic properties

A

Aluminum

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3
Q

Thin bituminous liquid asphalt applied between pavement lifts to promote boding
asphalt-to-asphalt
asphalt-to-concrete

A

Tack Coat

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4
Q

Benefits of steel reinforcement in concrete

A
  1. Absorb tensile, shear, and sometimes compressive stresses
  2. Ties horizontal and vertical elements
  3. Reinforces edges around openings
  4. Controls thermal expansion and contraction
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5
Q

Best curing temperature for concrete

A

50 - 85 degrees Fahrenheit

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6
Q

A unit of measurement for lumber that equal 1” x 12” x 12”

A

A board foot

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7
Q

2 primary issues for retaining walls related to drainage:

A
  1. Water pressure (groundwater) causes a wall to overturn

2. Saturation of soil (surface runoff) reduces the soil’s bearing capacity causing a wall to overturn

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8
Q

Method of addressing water pressure in retaining wall design / detailing

A

Weep holes near base of the wall

Lateral drain pipe installed behind wall to collect and dispose of excess groundwater

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9
Q

Method of addressing soil saturation in retaining wall design / detailing

A

Redirecting stormwater (e.g. Swales / drains uphill of the wall)

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10
Q

Curb types (3):

A
  1. Batter-faced (most common)
  2. Beveled (mountable)
  3. Rounded (mountable)
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11
Q

Soil conditions for shallow footings

A

Firm soil / light structure

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12
Q

Soil conditions for deep footings

A

Weak surface soils with stable underlying soils / bedrock

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13
Q

Made of steel or concrete; driven into soil bedrock or soil with sufficient bearing capacity to carry the structural load is met

A

Piles

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14
Q

Similar to piles but constructed by drilling holes and filling with concrete

A

Caissons

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15
Q

A classification system that groups soils based on their suitability for roadway subgrades

A

AASHTO

American Association of State Highway Transportation Officials

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16
Q

Textural classification based on 3 major particle size groups: sand, silt, clay

First developed for agricultural purposes

A

USDA Textural Classification System

soil triangle

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17
Q

Stability of structures / footings will depend on (2) :

A
  1. Soil type

2. presence of groundwater / pore water pressure

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18
Q

Compaction requirements of fill and the need for sheeting / shoring are dictated by

A

Soil type

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19
Q

Sandy non-cohesive soils (3 features)

A

More erodible
More permeable
Easy to drain

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20
Q

Clayey soils (3 features)

A

More erosion resistant
Less permeable
More difficult to drain

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21
Q

Engineering Properties of Soils

A

Properties that relate to a soil’s suitability as a construction material

Determined by the soil’s mineralogy, composition, structure, and moisture = these characteristics together influence the soil’s strength, permeability, and compressibility

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22
Q

Soils that addresses load-beading requirements while providing adequate space for root growth :

Stone that may be compacted to desired loading requirements but that maintains adequate pore space for root growth

A

Structural Soils

23
Q

Geotextile Type that conveys water within the plane of the fabric (e.g. to remove excess water)

A

Drainage

24
Q

Geotextile type that allows movement through plane of fabric while preventing movement of soil particles

A

Filtration

25
Q

Geotextile type that distributes loads to the underlying soil (e.g. where soft foundation soils are present)

A

Reinforcement

26
Q

Geotextile type that prevents the mixing of two different materials during installation or where mixing would be detrimental (over a gravel base for concrete)

A

Separation

27
Q

Geotextile type that prevents the mixing of two different materials during installation or where mixing would be detrimental (over a gravel base for concrete)

A

Separation

28
Q

Densification of soil by decreasing voids; increasing density of a soil increases its bearing capacity and shear strength

A

Compaction

Note: increasing moisture content decreases the degree to which soils may be compacted (void spaces are filled w/ water)

29
Q

Standard Proctor Test and Modified Proctor Test

A

Used to determine soil density

30
Q

Green Roof components (in order from roof deck up) (9)

A
  1. Waterproofing membrane
  2. Root Barrier
  3. Protection Board
  4. Insulation
  5. Drainage and retention layer
  6. Filter Fabric
  7. Growing Medium
  8. Planting
  9. Mulch
31
Q

____ Green Roof

2-6” lightweight growing medium w/ drought tolerant species

Typically not irrigated

A

Extensive

32
Q

Typical LBS/SF weight of an extensive green roof

A

15-30 lbs / sf

33
Q

Protects roof deck from water infiltration

Green roof component

A

Waterproofing membrane

34
Q

Protects the waterproofing membrane and roof deck from roots

(Green roof component)

A

Root barrier

may not be needed if the membrane does not contain organic materials that would attract root growth

35
Q

Protects waterproofing membrane and root barrier from damage during construction

(Green roof component)

A

Protection Board

36
Q

Protects from winter heat loss
May be used to build up topo / reduce soil depths needed

(Green roof component)

A

Insulation

37
Q

Provides aeration to growing medium and prevents over-saturation

A

Drainage and retention layer

38
Q

Used to separate the drainage layer from the growing medium

Green roof component

A

Filter fabric

39
Q

Lightweight mineral base w/ small amount of organic matter. Does not contain silt, which will clog filter fabric

(Green roof component)

A

Growing medium

40
Q

Green roof mulch types

A

Wood chip
Straw (good for windy conditions)
Stone aggregate (good for windy conditions if substantial)

41
Q

Lives loads are specified in what units?

A

PSF

source: LARE app

42
Q

The actual size of a 4x8 is?

A
  1. 5x7.25”

source: LARE app

43
Q

Does green or seasoned wood have greater nail strength

A

Seasoned

source: LARE app

44
Q

4x4 posts are suitable for what height range

A

6-8 ft

source: LARE app

45
Q

4x6 posts are suitable for up to what max height

A

10 ft

source: LARE app

46
Q

What shape will an asphalt road create typically

A

Parabola

source: LARE app

47
Q

What shape will a concrete road create typically

A

Chevron

source: LARE app

48
Q

Composition of mortar

A

Cement, sand, water, lime
Used to bond precast masonry units
(source: LARE app)

49
Q

A hydraulic cement made by burning a mixture of clay and limestone in a rotary kiln and pulverizing the resulting clinker into a very fine powder

A

Portland Cement

source: LARE app

50
Q

A cement with moderate sulfate resistance. Has low C3A content (<8%).

Used for structures exposed to soil or water containing sulfate ions.

A

Type II Cement

source: LARE app

51
Q

General purpose cement. Has high C3S content for good early strength development.

Used for general construction (most buildings, bridges, pavements, precast units, etc)

A

Type I Cement

source: LARE app

52
Q

Typical gap of deck boards

A

3/16”

53
Q

Equipment used to compact soil depends on :

A

Soil Type

Sandy soils : vibratory steel drum (helps to shake and rearrange particles to reduce void space)

Fine sands and nonplastic silts : heavy rubber-tired rollers

Clayey soils : kneading using sheepsfoot roller

54
Q

Retaining wall batter minimum ratio

A

12 to 1

LARE SECTION 4 (7 decks)

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