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LARE SECTION 4 > Greater Detail: STRUCTURES & MATERIALS > Flashcards

Greater Detail: STRUCTURES & MATERIALS Flashcards

1
Q

The incorporation of tiny air bubbles into concrete to improve its workability, strength, and resistance to frost

A

Air Entertainment

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2
Q

Lightweight, corrosion resistant metal with high conductivity but no magnetic properties

A

Aluminum

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3
Q

Thin bituminous liquid asphalt applied between pavement lifts to promote boding
asphalt-to-asphalt
asphalt-to-concrete

A

Tack Coat

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4
Q

Benefits of steel reinforcement in concrete

A
  1. Absorb tensile, shear, and sometimes compressive stresses
  2. Ties horizontal and vertical elements
  3. Reinforces edges around openings
  4. Controls thermal expansion and contraction
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5
Q

Best curing temperature for concrete

A

50 - 85 degrees Fahrenheit

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6
Q

A unit of measurement for lumber that equal 1” x 12” x 12”

A

A board foot

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7
Q

2 primary issues for retaining walls related to drainage:

A
  1. Water pressure (groundwater) causes a wall to overturn

2. Saturation of soil (surface runoff) reduces the soil’s bearing capacity causing a wall to overturn

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8
Q

Method of addressing water pressure in retaining wall design / detailing

A

Weep holes near base of the wall

Lateral drain pipe installed behind wall to collect and dispose of excess groundwater

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9
Q

Method of addressing soil saturation in retaining wall design / detailing

A

Redirecting stormwater (e.g. Swales / drains uphill of the wall)

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10
Q

Curb types (3):

A
  1. Batter-faced (most common)
  2. Beveled (mountable)
  3. Rounded (mountable)
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11
Q

Soil conditions for shallow footings

A

Firm soil / light structure

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12
Q

Soil conditions for deep footings

A

Weak surface soils with stable underlying soils / bedrock

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13
Q

Made of steel or concrete; driven into soil bedrock or soil with sufficient bearing capacity to carry the structural load is met

A

Piles

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14
Q

Similar to piles but constructed by drilling holes and filling with concrete

A

Caissons

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15
Q

A classification system that groups soils based on their suitability for roadway subgrades

A

AASHTO

American Association of State Highway Transportation Officials

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16
Q

Textural classification based on 3 major particle size groups: sand, silt, clay

First developed for agricultural purposes

A

USDA Textural Classification System

soil triangle

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17
Q

Stability of structures / footings will depend on (2) :

A
  1. Soil type

2. presence of groundwater / pore water pressure

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18
Q

Compaction requirements of fill and the need for sheeting / shoring are dictated by

A

Soil type

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19
Q

Sandy non-cohesive soils (3 features)

A

More erodible
More permeable
Easy to drain

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20
Q

Clayey soils (3 features)

A

More erosion resistant
Less permeable
More difficult to drain

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21
Q

Engineering Properties of Soils

A

Properties that relate to a soil’s suitability as a construction material

Determined by the soil’s mineralogy, composition, structure, and moisture = these characteristics together influence the soil’s strength, permeability, and compressibility

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22
Q

Soils that addresses load-beading requirements while providing adequate space for root growth :

Stone that may be compacted to desired loading requirements but that maintains adequate pore space for root growth

A

Structural Soils

23
Q

Geotextile Type that conveys water within the plane of the fabric (e.g. to remove excess water)

24
Q

Geotextile type that allows movement through plane of fabric while preventing movement of soil particles

A

Filtration

25
Geotextile type that distributes loads to the underlying soil (e.g. where soft foundation soils are present)
Reinforcement
26
Geotextile type that prevents the mixing of two different materials during installation or where mixing would be detrimental (over a gravel base for concrete)
Separation
27
Geotextile type that prevents the mixing of two different materials during installation or where mixing would be detrimental (over a gravel base for concrete)
Separation
28
Densification of soil by decreasing voids; increasing density of a soil increases its bearing capacity and shear strength
Compaction Note: increasing moisture content decreases the degree to which soils may be compacted (void spaces are filled w/ water)
29
Standard Proctor Test and Modified Proctor Test
Used to determine soil density
30
Green Roof components (in order from roof deck up) (9)
1. Waterproofing membrane 2. Root Barrier 3. Protection Board 4. Insulation 5. Drainage and retention layer 6. Filter Fabric 7. Growing Medium 8. Planting 9. Mulch
31
____ Green Roof 2-6" lightweight growing medium w/ drought tolerant species Typically not irrigated
Extensive
32
Typical LBS/SF weight of an extensive green roof
15-30 lbs / sf
33
Protects roof deck from water infiltration | Green roof component
Waterproofing membrane
34
Protects the waterproofing membrane and roof deck from roots (Green roof component)
Root barrier | may not be needed if the membrane does not contain organic materials that would attract root growth
35
Protects waterproofing membrane and root barrier from damage during construction (Green roof component)
Protection Board
36
Protects from winter heat loss May be used to build up topo / reduce soil depths needed (Green roof component)
Insulation
37
Provides aeration to growing medium and prevents over-saturation
Drainage and retention layer
38
Used to separate the drainage layer from the growing medium | Green roof component
Filter fabric
39
Lightweight mineral base w/ small amount of organic matter. Does not contain silt, which will clog filter fabric (Green roof component)
Growing medium
40
Green roof mulch types
Wood chip Straw (good for windy conditions) Stone aggregate (good for windy conditions if substantial)
41
Lives loads are specified in what units?
PSF | source: LARE app
42
The actual size of a 4x8 is?
3. 5x7.25" | source: LARE app
43
Does green or seasoned wood have greater nail strength
Seasoned | source: LARE app
44
4x4 posts are suitable for what height range
6-8 ft | source: LARE app
45
4x6 posts are suitable for up to what max height
10 ft | source: LARE app
46
What shape will an asphalt road create typically
Parabola | source: LARE app
47
What shape will a concrete road create typically
Chevron | source: LARE app
48
Composition of mortar
Cement, sand, water, lime Used to bond precast masonry units (source: LARE app)
49
A hydraulic cement made by burning a mixture of clay and limestone in a rotary kiln and pulverizing the resulting clinker into a very fine powder
Portland Cement | source: LARE app
50
A cement with moderate sulfate resistance. Has low C3A content (<8%). Used for structures exposed to soil or water containing sulfate ions.
Type II Cement | source: LARE app
51
General purpose cement. Has high C3S content for good early strength development. Used for general construction (most buildings, bridges, pavements, precast units, etc)
Type I Cement | source: LARE app
52
Typical gap of deck boards
3/16"
53
Equipment used to compact soil depends on :
Soil Type Sandy soils : vibratory steel drum (helps to shake and rearrange particles to reduce void space) Fine sands and nonplastic silts : heavy rubber-tired rollers Clayey soils : kneading using sheepsfoot roller
54
Retaining wall batter minimum ratio
12 to 1

LARE SECTION 4 (7 decks)

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