great schism

Question 1

second council of nicea 787

Answer 1

• issue of icons
• in Greek council declares venerationg icons permitted not considered idolatry because image was vehicle for worship, not object of worship itself
• when taken to west and translated for charlemagne’s court word venerate was translated as adore
• charlemagne called council in Frankfurt 794 condeming teaching of Nicaea angering east

Question 2

issues of theology

Answer 2

• role of clerical celibacy
o strict enforvcemnt wasn’t universalized in west until centuries late always been emphasis placed on it, something east never imposed or agreed with
• defining and emphasiziinng nature of Trinity
• use of leavened or unleavened bread in worship
• varied rules with fasting

Question 3

first crusade

Answer 3

• military operation led by western European soldiers to retake Jerusalem and the Holy Land from Muslim rule.
• planned by Pope Urban II in response to a request from Byzantine emperor Alexios I Komnenos, was a success, with Christian armies capturing Jerusalem on July 15, 1099.
• began in 1095, involved approximately 60,000 troops and at least half as many non-combatants.
• Cities like Nicaea and Antioch were reclaimed after wars in Asia Minor and the Middle East, and eventually the actual goal, Jerusalem, was achieved.

Question 4

fourth crusade

Answer 4

• Pope Innocent III (r. 1198-1216 CE) organised the Fourth Crusade (1202-1204 CE) in order to reclaim Jerusalem from its present Muslim rulers.
• The goal ended up being Constantinople, due to a peculiar combination of errors, financial limits, and Venetian trading desires.
• The Byzantine Empire was divided between Venice and its allies when Constantinople was sacked on April 12, 1204 CE, and its riches, relics, and artworks were looted.
• As a result, the Fourth Crusade became known as the most cynical and profit-driven of all the crusades.