Gravy Articles Flashcards
Surgery of the urethra in horses is usually used to treat ______.
Dermal lesions or abnormalities of the urinary tract.
______ is the most accurate method available to diagnose urolithiasis in horses.
Endoscopy
For a horse that requires
permanent urinary diversion, a _____ can be created.
permanent urethrostomy
Surgical correction of
________ involves
creation of a mucosal extension (urethroplasty) that establishes a more caudal exit point for urine.
vesicovaginal reflux
In some mares, cystic calculi can be removed following _______.
manual dilation of the urethral sphincter
In horses, urinary calculi
a. are more common in males
b. are more common in females
c. are equally common in males and females
d. do not occur
a. are more common in males
5-FU ointment is used in horses to treat
a. habronemiasis
b. fungal infection
c. SCC
d. none of the above
C. SCC
Which of the following methods can be used to remove cystic calculi in mares?
a. Laparocystotomy
b. Manual removal through the urethra
c. Sphincterotomy
d. All of the above
d. All of the above
In male horses, the preferred surgical approach to the urethral lumen is
a. ventral midline
b. dorsal midline
c. lateral longitudinal
d. ventral transverse
a. ventral midline
In male horses, the preferred surgical approach for removal of proximal urethral calculi is
a. subischial urethrotomy
b. laparocystotomy
c. perineal urethrotomy
d. none of the above
c. perineal urethrotomy
Which of the following structures is not normally incised during a perineal urethrotomy?
a. CSP
b. Skin and submits
C. Bulbospongiosus muscle
d. Corpus cavernosum penis
d. Corpus cavernosum penis
The preferred surgical treatment of VVR (vesicovaginal reflux) in mares is
a. urethrotomy
b. urethrostomy
c. urethroplasty
d. vulvoplasty
c. urethroplasty
Which statement regarding limb conformation in foals with angular limb deformities is correct?
a. with valgus deformities, there is usually a certain degree of outward rotation of the feet.
b. with varus deformities, there is usually a certain degree of outward rotation of the feet.
c. with valgus deformities, there is usually a certain degree of inward rotation of the feet.
d. Rotational deformities are uncommon in foals with angular limb deformities.
a. with valgus deformities, there is usually a certain degree of outward rotation of the feet.
Which of the following is not part of the multi-factorial complex implicated in development of angular limb deformities in foals?
a. abnormal fetal limb positioning
b. placentitis
c. hypoplasia of the proximal sesamoid bones
d. growth-plate trauma
c. hypoplasia of the proximal sesamoid bones
Which statement regarding diagnosis of angular limb deformities is true?
a. Regardless of the degree and location of the deformity, all foals should have their limbs radiographed at the initial exam.
b. The limb can usually be manually straightened in foals with asymmetric physeal or epiphyseal growth
c. The limb can usually be straightened in foals with hypoplasia of the carpal bones
d. Radiography is useful in determining the degree of rotational deformity
c. The limb can usually be straightened in foals with hypoplasia of the carpal bones
Which statement regarding the diagnostic workup in foals with tarsal angular limb deformities is correct?
a. A dorsalplantar radiographic view is especially useful in identifying tarsal bone hypoplasia
b. A lateromedial radiographic view is especially useful in identifying tarsal bone hypoplasia
c. Cliniicians should rely heavily on a dorsoplantar radiographic view for exact identification and evaluation of the location and degree of tarsal angular limb deformities
d. Concurrent rotational deformities are best identified using radiography
b. A lateromedial radiographic view is especially useful in identifying tarsal bone hypoplasia
Which of the following is the most likely cause of carpal angular limb deformities in newborn foals?
a. asymmetric growth at the distal radial growth plate
b. periarticular laxity
c. delayed ossification at the epiphysis
d. asymmetric growth at the distal radial growth plate and the epiphyseal growth cartilage
c. Delayed ossification of the epiphysis
Which statement regarding congenital hypothyroidism is correct?
a. It has been implicated as a cause of uneven physeal growth.
b. It has been implicated as a cause of delayed ossification of the carpal and tarsal cuboidal bones
c. It has been implicated as a cause of delayed epiphyseal ossification
d. It is often associated with abnormal fetal limb positioning
b. It has been implicated as a cause of delayed ossification of the carpal and tarsal cuboidal bones
Foals with tarsal bone hypoplasia tend to present with
a. Valgus deformity
b. Varus deformity
c. Valgus deformity and straight-hocked appearance.
d. Valgus deformity and sickle-hocked appearance
d. Valgus deformity and sickle-hocked appearance
Which statement regarding physical examination of foals with angular limb deformities is true?
a. Angular limb deformities are often associated with some degree of lameness in the affected limb(s).
b. Angular limb deformities are normally associated with heat, pain, and swelling at the site of the deformity
c. In most cases, foals with angular limb deformities are not lame.
d. a and b.
c. In most cases, foals with angular limb deformities are not lame
Which statement regarding foals with cuboidal bone hypoplasia is correct?
a. If left untreated, cuboidal bone hypoplasia results in a manually irreducible deformity within 2 weeks
b. If left untreated, cuboidal bone hypoplasia results in a manually irreducible deformity within 2 days
c. Manual reducibility of this condition is not time dependent
d. This condition is never manually reducible
a. If left untreated, cuboidal bone hypoplasia results in a manually irreducible deformity within 2 weeks
Angular limb deformities most often originate within the carpal, tarsal, __________ joint regions
a. or distal interphalangeal
b. or proximal interphalangeal
c. or metacarpo- or metatarsophalangeal
d. distal interphalangeal, or metacarpo- or metatarsophalangeal
c. Or metacarpo- or metatarsophalangeal
Which statement regarding management of congenital angular limb deformities is correct?
a. In most foals born with mild to moderate angular limb deformities, spontaneous resolution is unlikely
b. In most foals born with mild to moderate angular limb deformities, spontaneous resolution occurs within 2-4 weeks of life
c. In most foals born with angular limb deformities due to carpal or tarsal bone hypoplasia, spontaneous resolution occurs within 2-4 weeks of life.
d. In most foals born with angular limb deformities due to carpal or tarsal bone hypoplasia, spontaneous resolution occurs within 4-8 weeks
b. In most foals born with mild to moderate angular limb deformities, spontaneous resolution occurs within 2-4 weeks of life
To avoid development of a contracted foot in a foal, glue-on shoes should not be left on for longer than
a. 2 months
b. 3 months
c. 2 weeks
d. none of the above
c. 2 weeks
To allow rapid growth in young foals, tube casts should be changed at _______ intervals.
a. 3-4-day
b. 10-14 day
c. 3-4 week
d. 4-6 week
b. 10-14 day
Corrective ostectomy or osteotomy is
a. preferred in treating tarsal bone hypoplasia.
b. preferred in treating severe carpal or tarsal bone hypoplasia.
c. generally performed before cessation of physeal growth.
d. generally performed after cessation of physeal growth.
d. Generally performed after cessation of physeal growth
According to a recent experimental study, HCPTE was
a. more effective than stall confinement alone in correcting carpal angular limb deformity.
b. less effective than stall confinement alone in correcting carpal angular limb deformity.
c. as effective than stall confinement alone in correcting carpal angular limb deformity.
d. as effective as unlimited pasture exercise in correcting carpal angular limb deformity.
c. As effective as stall confinement alone in correcting carpal angular limb deformities
Which statement regarding treatment of foals with carpal bone hypoplasia is correct?
a. Foals with carpal bone hypoplasia often require surgical treatment after an initial period of splint bandaging.
b. foals with valgus deformities caused by carpal bone hypoplasia should be treated with confinement and by applying a glue-on shoe with extension to the inside.
c. Foals with valgus deformities caused by carpal bone hypoplasia should be treated with confinement and by applying a glue-on shoe with extension to the outside.
d. Foals with carpal bone hypoplasia should be treated with splint bandaging or tube casting.
d. Foals with carpal bone hypoplasia should be treated with splint bandaging or tube casting
A 6-week-old foal with a significant varus deformity caused by asymmetric growth at the distal metatarsal growth plate in the left hindlimb is best treated by
a. splint bandaging and confinement.
b. confinement.
c. corrective trimming and, possibly, shoeing as well as confinement.
d. surgery, corrective trimming, and, possibly, shoeing as well as confinement.
d. Surgery, corrective trimming, and, possibly, shoeing as well as confinement
Which statement regarding HCPTE is true?
a. HCPTE temporarily retards longitudinal growth on the convex aspect of the deformity.
b. HCPTE temporarily increases longitudinal growth on the concave aspect of the deformity.
c. Foals that have undergone HCPTE require a second surgery to prevent overcorrection of the deformity.
d. HCPTE exerts its effect for approximately 3 months.
b. HCPTE temporarily increases longitudinal growth on the concave aspect of the deformity
Which statement regarding TPB is correct?
a. TPB is primarily used in young foals with severe angular deformities, miniature foals, or foals with significant limb deformity after the rapid growth phase.
b. TPB is primarily used in foals with diaphyseal deformities.
c. Contrary to HCPTE, overcorrection has not been reported after TPB.
d. TPB is primarily used in young foals with severe angular deformities, miniature foals, or foals with diaphyseal deformities.
a. TPB is primarily used in young foals with severe angular deformities, miniature foals, or foals with a significant limb deformity after the rapid growth phase
Postoperative treatment of foals using HCPTE includes
a. free pasture exercise because it tends to increase the rate of correction.
b. confinement.
c. splint bandaging.
d. none of the above.
b. Confinement
Which of the following drugs reportedly causes priapism in horses?
a. phenylbutazone
b. flunixin meglumine
c. benztropine mesylate
d. acepromazine maleate
d. Acepromazine maleate
Which of the following procedures has been used to treat horses with penile paralysis?
a. phallopexy
b. phallectomy
c. segmental posthectomy
d. all of the above
All of the above
Lavage of the CCP is indicated in patients with
a. priapism
b. penile paralysis
c. penile hematoma
d. none of the above
a. priapism
Which of the following drugs is reportedly successful in treating horses with priapism?
a. atropine
b. phenylephrine
c. benztropine mesylate
d. acepromazine maleate
c. Benzotropine mesylate
Which of the following techniques is effective in the treatment of horses with priapism?
a. segmental posthectomy
b. . phallopexy
c. lavage of the CCP
d. all of the above
All of the above
Which of the following can be used to treat superficial prepubic carcinomas?
a. 5-FU ointment
b. cyrotherapy
c. segmental posthectomy
d. all of the above
All of the above
In horses, the most common preputial neoplasm is
a. fibropapilloma
b. squamous cell carcinoma
c. sarcoid
d. hemangioma
b. Squamous cell carcinoma
Phallectomy techniques in horses include
a. Vinsot
b. Scott
c. Williams
d. All of the above
All of the above
Partial posthectomy is indicated to treat patients with
a. invasive squamous cell carinoma
b. local dermal squamous cell carcinoma
c. cutaenous habronemiasis
d. b and c
B and C
Radical resection of the penis and prepuce is indicated in patients with
a. Squamous cell carcinoma of the terminal glans penis
b. invasive neoplasia of the glans and prepuce
c. proximal urethral cicatrix
d. none of the above
b. Invasive neoplasia of the glans and prepuce
A solitary, 1 cm diameter mass is identified on the penile body of a 13-year-old Appaloosa breeding stallion. The mass is cauliflower-like in appearance, has a narrow base, and does not appear to invade the penile tunic. The regional lymph nodes are not enlarged. Which of the following procedures would be most appropriate in this case?
a. Wait and recheck the mass in 6 months, and then remove the mass if it has enlarged
b. Perform an en bloc resection because the tumor has likely metastasized
c. Perform a local excision or circumferential posthectomy (reefing).
d. Perform a phallectomy immediately
c. Perform a local excision or circumferential posthectomy (reefing
Phallectomy
a. Should be performed when severe preputial lesions are present
b. is indicated for horses with severe lesions of the distal penis
c. involves the removal of a circumferential ring of preputial tissue
d. should not be performed on geldings
Is indicated for horses with severe lesions of the distal penis
Circumferential posthectomy (reefing)
a. is performed only for severe, infiltrative lesions of the prepuce and penis
b. is associated with a poor prognosis when compared with other surgical techniques for external genital tumors.
c. should be performed only as a salvage procedure in stallions
d. involves the removal of a circumferential ring of preputial tissue
d. Involves the removal of a circumferential ring of preputial tissue
En bloc resection and penile retroversion
a. are warranted for the treatment of horses with extensive lesions of the penis and/or prepuce with metastasis
b. involve the resection of only the distal penis, including the glans
c. are associated with an excellent prognosis
d. should not be performed on geldings because of the change in urination behavior
a. Are warranted for the treatment of horses with extensive lesions of the penis and/ or prepuce with metastasis
A 15-year-old American Paint gelding is presented for severe preputial swelling with a foul odor. There are multiple SCC lesions on the penis and prepuce. The penis feels thickened, and the superficial inguinal lymph nodes are enlarged. Which of the following techniques is indicated?
a. circumferential posthectomy and lymph node removal
b. phallectomy
c. laser ablation of penile and preputial lesions
d. en bloc resection and penile retroversion with superficial inguinal lymph node removal
d. En bloc resection and penile retroversion with superficial inguinal lymph node removal
Local excision of solitary tumors of the equine external genitalia
a. is usually not possible because of rapid metastasis and invasion of lesions
b. requires general anesthesia
c. can be performed in the standing horse using local or epidural anesthesia
d. is associated with a high cure rate for the treatment of horses with coalesced melanomas (dermal melanomatosis)
c. Can be performed in the standing horse using local or epidural anesthesia
SCC of the penis with involvement of the urethra
a. is associated with a better prognosis for long term survival than SCC that does not involve the urethra
b. is associated with a poorer prognosis for long term survival than SCC that does not involve the urethra
c. necessitates immediate circumferential posthetctomy
d. has no effect on the prognosis for long-term survival of the horse
b. Is associated with a poorer prognosis for long-term survival than SCC that does not involve the urethra
Laser vaporization of external urogenital tumors
a. has been successful for the treatment of horses with precancerous lesions
b. is associated with a high risk of complications and should not be attempted
c. does not require adequate surgical margins because the heat from the laser destroys all tumor cells.
d. is commonly performed using Nd:YAG laser
a. Has been successful for the treatment of horses with precancerous lesions
Incomplete tumor excision
a. is associated with a transient decrease in proliferation of residual tumor cells and metastases
b. is associated with a transient increase in proliferation of residual tumor cells and metastases
c. has no effect on the kinetics of remaining cells
d. is easily avoided when debulking tumors
b. Is associated with a transient increase in proliferation of residual tumor cells and metastasis
Perioperative administration of anticancer drugs
a. is not advised because of the high risk of wound dehiscence
b. is not effective in treating horses with tumors of the external genitalia
c. decreases the efficacy of the drugs because of residual tumor cells are resistant to anticancer drugs
d. optimizes the efficacy of the anticancer drugs against residual tumor cells
d. Optimizes the efficacy of the anticancer drugs against residual tumor cells
