Grapho-phonemics 1 Flashcards
< >
/ /
*
< > : a graphic sequence (spelling)
/ / : a phonological sequence
* : an impossible or incorrect form
4 values for each monograph
brève : short / lax / checked
longue : long / tense / free
modifiée par -r : -r value
valeur étrangère : foreign value
5 monograph
< a >
< e >
<i/y >
< o >
< u >
4 values monograph < a >
/æ/
/eɪ/
/ɑː/
/ɑː/
4 values monograph < e >
/e/
/i:/
/3:/
/eɪ/
4 values monograph <i/y >
/ɪ/
/aɪ/
/3:/
/i:/
4 values monograph < o >
/ɒ/
/əʊ/
/ɔː/
/əʊ/
4 values monograph < u >
/ʌ/
/u:/
/3:/
/u:/
Short / Lax / Checked vowel
< a > → /æ/ : rat, fat, attack, racket, cravat, abash..
< e > → /e/ : bed, pet, effective, repel, lapel, steppe, fence
<i/y > → /ɪ/ : cliff, sit, if, gin, width, winner, equip
< o > → /ɒ/ : not, soft, dossier, Cockney, accost
< u > → /ʌ/: fuss, cup; bulb, convulse
The sit and still rule
A simple vowel followed by ONE FINAL CONSONANT has its SHORT VALUE. (ex : bed)
A simple vowel followed by 2 CONSONANTS has its SHORT VALUE (ex : fuss)
Exceptions short vowels
bass, contrabass
yacht
demesne
comb, gross, engross, wont, host, ghost, most, post, both, loth, quoth, sloth, ripost, betroth
climb, ninth, pint, whilst, child, wild, mild, indict
won, ton, son, front, mouth, sponge, once, front, affront, among(st)
truth, Ruth, whom, (en)tomb, womb
put, puss, pussy
Exceptions short vowels
bass, contrabass → /eɪ/
yacht → : /ˈjɒt/
demesne → /dɪˈmeɪn/
comb, gross, engross, wont, host, ghost, most, post, both, loth, quoth, sloth, ripost, betroth → /eɪ/ or /i:/
climb, ninth, pint, whilst, child, wild, mild, indict
won, ton, son, front, mouth, sponge, once, front, → /aɪ/
affront, among(st) → /ʌ/
truth, Ruth, whom, (en)tomb, womb → /u:/
put, puss, pussy → /ʊ/
Long / tense / free vowels
< a > → /eɪ/ : landscape, make, lane, crate, ache, abthe, locate
< e > → /i:/ : gene, scene, be, cede, impede, supreme, serene, contavene
<i/y > → /aɪ/ : chime, dive, bike, rupe, die, dye, my, imply
< o > → /əʊ/ : close, alone, dome, clone, so, hello
< u > → /u:/: cute, use, flu, due, dupe, acute
Long vowels rules
A simple vowel followed by ONE CONSONANT AND A FINAL <e> has its long value.</e>
A FINAL VOWEL has its long value
A vowel that is PHONOLOGICALLY FINAL (followed by a silent <e> or a silent <h>) has its LONG VALUE</h></e>
the magic <e> rule (cake)</e>
A simple vowel followed by ONE CONSONANT AND A FINAL <e> has its long value. You pronounce it as you pronounce it in the alphabet</e>
fat vs fate : ˈfæt vs ˈfeɪt
pet vs peter : ˈpɛt vs ˈpiːtə
bit vs bite : ˈbɪt vs ˈbaɪt
not vs note : ˈnɒt vs ˈnəʊt
cut vs cute : ˈkʌt vs ˈkjuːt
Exceptions : the sneaky e
Lax / short value despite a final <e></e>
♦ have /æ/
♦ /ɪ/ give, give, forgive, outlive, live (verb) (but adjective live /’laɪv/=”en direct”)
♦ with /ʌ/ worry, above, done, none, one, honey, money, glove, love, shove, slovenly, oven, govern, cover, some (full form), dozen, come, become, dove, wonder, tongue, brother, mother other sponge avec (worry words)
♦ with / ɑː/ → bra, hurrah
♦ /ɒ/
gone with /ɒ/ in RP :
shone with /ɒ/ in RP
scone with //ɒ// in RP ( /əʊ/ = also a possible variant in contemporary RP)
/!\ The final <-age> syllable is pronounced /ɪdʒ/, not /eɪdʒ/: image, savage, village, message
Specific cases long value
<u> → /ʊ/ : after <f/p/b> & in front of <ll/sh/tch> : pull, bull, fush, push, bush, butcher</u>
<a> → /ɒ/ after /w/ : watt, what, swamp, squad</a>
<a> → /ɔː/ after /w/ and in front of /r/ in the same syll : swarm, warm, ward, reward, award, towards</a>
<a> → /ɔː/ aafter /w/ and in front of /l/</a>
==> The previous 2 rules don’t apply in front of velars /k/; /g/ /ŋ/
Specific case <alC> / <olC></olC></alC>
Two specific rules apply to <a> and <o> when followed by <l> and one consonant (<IC>) when the consonant is <l#, t, d, k>:</IC></l></o></a>
♦ olC /ǝʊ/ (RP)
e.g. troll, volt, gold, folk
♦ alC/ɔː/
e.g. all, halt, bald, walk
+ <alm#>/’ɑː/ e.g. calm, palm, psalm
This rule also concerns words like ‘almond, calf, half…
In these words,
<l> is never pronounced in this context when it's followed by a <k> : walk, folk
</k></l>
Specific case : ask words / the BATH lexial set
In ‘ask words’ / the BATH lexical set, RP has /ɑː/ for This pattern occurs in two contexts:
→ When <a> is FOLLOWED by a VOICELESS FRICATIVE (+ a plosive)
e.g. staff, craft, bath, class, glass, grasp, cast, last, ask, mask … (but math, bass, mass, plastic… have/æ/)</a>
→ When <a> is followed by a <nC> or <mC> sequence
e.g. trance, demand, advance, grant, sample, plant, dance, France... + 'slander, answer (but land, hand, bank, slang, sand, stand... have /æ/)</mC></nC></a>
Specific case with the ending in <{i,e,u}+V(C0(e))> (-ion rule)
In words ending in <{i,e,u}+V(C0(e))> (see p. 10), the stressed vowel is free / long unless it is <i> and unless it is followed by two consonants (C2). If it is «i> or if it is followed by two consonants (C2), the stressed vowel is checked/short.</i>
ex :
aphasia /əˈfeɪziə/
conversation /ˌkɒnvərˈseɪʃən/,
olfaction /ɒlˈfækʃən / (C2),
accretion /əˈkriːʃən/,
amnesia /æmˈniːziə/,
circumspection /ˌsɜːrkəmˈspɛkʃənn/ (C2),
ambiguous /æmˈbɪgjuəs/,
judicious /dʒuːˈdɪʃəs/,
interdiction /ɪntəˈdɪkʃən/,
promotion /prəˈməʊʃən/,
hydrophobia /ˌhaɪdrəˈfəʊbiə/
option /ˈɒpʃən/ (C2),
consecution /kɒnsı’kju:ʃn, kansı’kju:Лn/,
peculiar /pɪˈkjuːliər/,
construction /kənˈstrʌkʃən/ (C2)…
r- value
When <r> follows a stressed vowel => modified by r
< a > → /ɑː(r)/ → car, far, charm, arm, army
< e > → /3:(r)/ → nerve, assert, mercantile
<i/y > → /3:(r)/ → firm, stir, bird
< o > → /ɔː(r)/ → absord, shore, abort, vortex, mortal
< u > → /3:(r)/ → curve, further, absurd, lurch, turbine</r>
r- value exceptions
clerk ˈklɑːrk
scarce ˈskɛərs
auberge əʊ’beəʒ
emir ɛˈmɪər
5/ Foreign value
It is used in words of foreign - particularly French, Italian or Spanish origin:
<a> → /ɑː/
mikado, fa, la, Versace, pa’pa (RP) ma’ma (RP),
shah, Panama, vase (NB: /er/ in GA), façade, potage, arbitrage, espionage…</a>
<e>→ /eɪ/
Veronese, mesa, peso, suede...
<i><y>→ /i:/
Martini, bourgeoisie, mi, si (notes de musique), litre, pique, niche, ravine, routine, cuisine, machine, sardine, intrigue, prestige, caprice, police, regime, antique, mystique, critique, physique, magazine, chic, motif...
<0> /əʊ/ in RP
mafioso, Antonio...
<u>⇒ /u:/
Bantu ...
</u></y></i></e>
