1- Lexical stress Flashcards
Comment représente-t-on primary and secondary stress ?
’ = primary stress
, = secondary stress
Neutral endings
- No modification of the stress pattern (-ed, -ing-, -en, -er, -est, -s…)
-age
-ance
-ant
-dom
-er
-hood
-ism
-ist
-ish
-ship
-some
-less
-ness
-let
-like
-ty
-ary (a few exception)
-ory (a few exceptions)
-ment
-al (nom)
-ful (adjective)
-y (adjective & noun)
-ly (adverb & adjective)
-en (adjective & verb)
A few exceptions
ad’mire
‘advertise
‘admirable
ad’vertisment
com’pare
de’fine
ig’nore
‘image
main’tain
nar’rrate
o’ppose
pre’fer
pro’test
re’late
‘comparable
‘definite
‘ignorance
i’magine
‘maintenance
‘narrative
‘opposite
‘preferable
‘Protestant
‘relative
Stress imposing endings : endings that place the stress on the LAST SYLLABLE
-ee & -oo
-teen
-self /selves
-ade
-ese
-ain (verbs)
FRENCH SUFFIXES
-aire
-eur, -euse,
-v(s)que (antique..)
- VCCe : -arre, -elle, -ette, esse
Exceptions of Stress imposing endings : endings that place the stress on the LAST SYLLABLE
‘coffee
co’mitee
‘jubilee
‘pedigree
‘igloo
‘voodoo
‘Yankee
‘comrade
‘decade
‘marmelade
‘amateur
‘chauffeur
‘grandeur
‘omelette
‘etiquette
‘cigarette
Stress imposing endings : endings that place the stress on the PENULTIMATE SYLLABLE (next to the last)
-id
-it
-ival
-sive
- ic, -ics
- ical, ically
-itis
- osis
- escence, -iscence
-escent, -iscent
-ish (verbs)
Exceptions Stress imposing endings : endings that place the stress on the PENULTIMATE SYLLABLE (next to the last)
‘arabic
‘arsenic
‘catholic
‘heretic
‘lunatic
‘politics
‘rhetorics
a’rithmetic
/!\ : POlitics but poLItical
RHEtoric but reTOrical
CAtholic but caTHOlicist / caTHOlicism
The ion rule + extension
all the words with the -ion endings are stressed on the syllable before -ion
Extension :
{i, e, u} + V (c0(e))
It is always the syll before the ending that is stressed
- <i, e, u > Vn (CC) → -ea, eal, ean, ear, eate, eon….
: endings that place the stress on the ANTEPENULTIMATE SYLLABLE
Nouns :
-ity
-ety
-itude
- graphy,
-grapher
Adjectives :
- ible
-uble
-itive
- utive
- inal
-ular
-ous
Verbs :
-y ending of at least three syllables
- ify
EVRYTHING
endings derived from logos :
- logy
-logist
-logism
-logise
-logize
/!\ exception when C2 + ous = PENULTIMATE SYLLABLE di’sastrous, e’normous
Complex endings :
ending in - ATE
- in verbs of 2 syllables : stress on LAST SYLLABLE
- nouns & adjectives of 2 syllables : stress on PENULTIMATE (first) SYLLABLE
- words with more than 2 syllables : stress on ANTEPENULTIMATE SYLLABLE
/!\ if C2 = 2 consonants in front of an adjective in -ate : PENULTIMATE (al’ternate)
Complex endings :
ending in -ENT
- in verbs of 2 syllables : stress on LAST SYLLABLE (/!\ exception : to ‘comment)
- nouns & adjectives of 2 syllables : stress on PENULTIMATE (first) SYLLABLE
- words with more than 2 syllables : stress on ANTEPENULTIMATE SYLLABLE
/!\ if C2 = 2 consonants in front of -ent → PENULTIMATE (ado’lescent)
Complex endings :
ending in -ISE / IZE
- words of 2 syllables : LAST SYLLABLE
- verbs of 3 syllables : ANTEPENULTIMATE SYLLABLE
/!\ words of 4 syllables or more : ending neutral : ‘character ; ‘characterize ; ‘liberalize, ‘liberal…
/!\ following words : “ise” is a short /lax one & stress falls on the FIRST SYLLABLE : ‘promise, ‘premise, ‘treatise
Stress pattern : noun VS verb
Noun /10/
Verb /01/
a REbel
to reBEL
Exception 1 : stress pattern
stress is place on the 1st syllable whether the word is a noun or a verb
‘comment
‘compass
‘combat
‘comfort
‘concrete
‘detail
‘distance
Exception 2 : stress pattern
stress is placed on the 2nd syllable whether is a noun or a verb
a’ward
a’buse
a’ccount
a’ddress
ad’vice
a’mount
