Grammatik Flashcards
Qualifizierende Endung: zumindest, wenigstens, although it is this, at least; anyway; even this (much)
N-(이)나마
Qualifizierende Endung: egal was, or whatever the like, (how)ever it be
N-(part.)-(이)든지
Qualifizierende Endung: falls, granted that it be/is, even though it be
N-(이)ㄴ들
Qualifizierende Endung: oder so, “N or something”; even if (it be); just, (or the) like, or even any/some; speaker’s indifference to the noun in question
N-(part)-(이)라도
Qualifizierende Endung: aufgrund, because it is…and so; indeed, possiblly, by any audacity (Dreistigkeit)
N-(이)라서
Qualifizierende Endung: sogar, going to the extreme/limit of, (including) evr, also (on top of everything/else)
N-마저
Qualifizierende Endung: when it comes to, betreffend
N-치고(는)
Qualifizierende Endung: noch weit aus schlimmer, presents a neg./unpleasant set of circumstances, then goes on to present something even worse
N(은)-커녕
Qualifizierende Endung: so sehr dass, as much as, to the extent that
N-만큼
extent
만큼
I can’t speak Korean as well as my teacher.
저는 선생님만큼 한국말을 잘 하지 못합니다.
There have been few days when I was in as good a mood as I am today.
오늘만큼 기분 좋은 날도 많지 않았어요.
Qualifizierende Endung: each (one), every, all
N-마다
Qualifizierende Endung: außer, besides of, outside of
N-밖에
Konjunktionalendung:
1. though (although, even though) does -is; not withstanding (the fact that); but, however; all it takes is - (for it to happen) 2, in another usage this ending concedes the contents of the preceding clause, but indicates that theses have no relation to the following clause. In this case, the preceeding verb can be prefaced by the adverb ‘아무리’ (however (much); no matter (how)) to make the concessive meaning clearer 3. when used in an interrogative pattern, the ending seeks the interlocutor’s permission; in this case, a negative response is given with’-(으)면’
Vst-어/아/여도
You can go home now. (polite)
지금 집에 가도 좋습니다.
It is ok to eat this food.
이 음식은 먹어도 괜찮아요.
If you want to go to Seoul Station, you can take this bus.
서울역에 가려면, 이 버스를 타도 됩니다
Is it ok if the food is spicy?
음식이 매워도 괜찮아요?
We’re going on a picnic tomorrow even if it rains. (polite)
내일 비가 와도 소풍을 가겠습니다.
Even though she’s short, she is good at sports. (polite)
그 사람은 키가 작아도 운동을 잘 합니다.
However rich he might have been, that wealthy person was not happy. (polite)
아무리 돈이 많아도 그 부자는 행복하지 않았습니다.
Even though I’m hungry I can’t eat it all by myself.
배가 고파도 혼자 다 먹을 수는 없지요.
Konjunktionalendung koordinativ: Gleichzeitigkeit
Vst-(으)며
Konjunktionalendung kausal: first activity leads to undesirable result in the following clause
Vst-느라고
Konjunktionalendung kausal: because of the doing of V…
Vst-(으)므로
Konjunktionalendung konzessiv: regardless of, even though
Vst-(으)ㄹ 지라도
Konjunktionalendung konzessiv: although while; as since, when, upon; used to spotlight the speaker’s argumentative in light of an obvious or general truth in the preceeding clause; sowieso
Vst-거늘
Konjunktionalendung adversativ: contents od the preceeding and the following clause are contrdictive; while….yet
Vst-(으)면서도
Konjunktionalendung adversatv: V is ok but; introduce some fact, allows V + restriction
Vst-되
Konjunktionalendung final: V decision
Vst-기로
Konjunktionalendung final: V to the point that…
Vst-도록
Konjunktionalendung: action gets interrupted; shows that a certain action or status is changed to another. It also denotes that the preceding action or status is the reason for the negative situation that happened afterwards.
Vst-다가
Konjunktionalendung: no matter what
Vst-든지
Konjunktionalendung additiv: not only…but also; “not only (N) but also…”, or “besides (N)…” or “as well as (N)…”.
N도 Vst-거니와
It seems like 도 is usually added to the noun, but not always!
Konjunktionalendung: whereas, on the other hand; “Not only [clause 1], but also [clause 2]” with two contrary clauses.
Vst-ㄴ/는가 하면
appearing (to be), looking (like); seeming as if, as if/though
Vst-(으)ㄴ/는/(으)ㄹ 듯(이)
appearance, similarity
듯
Adjektiv: kaum, seems one moment like it will, and the next moment like it won’t; can’t really tell if the action came or will come full circle or to completion
AVst-(으)ㄴ 듯 만 듯 (Vergangenheit)
AVst-는 듯 마는 듯 (Präsens)
AVst-(으)ㄹ 듯 말듯 (Zukunft)
seems (like), appears to be
Vst-(으)ㄴ/는/(으)ㄹ 듯하다
Konjuktionalendung konzessiv: provided that, given that (+command, suggestion)
Vst-거든
Adverbform
N V-게 V
used to explain a reason or a fact that the listener does not know
A/V-거든(요)
V-no matter what and how
아무리 V-아/어도
No matter how much I eat, I feel hungry.
아무리 먹어도 배가 고파요.
I’m tired no matter how much I sleep these days.
요즘은 아무리 자도 피곤해요.
to be troublesome
귀찮다
Let’s go out and eat since it is troublesome to cook.
밥하기 귀찮으니까 나가서 먹자.
Oh, I really don’t want to leave.
아, 정말 떠나기 싫어요.
It’s because I was a bit sick.
몸이 좀 앞았거든요.
It’s because I know it.
제가 알거든요.
It’s because I’m a bit busy these days.
요즘 좀 바쁘거든요.
expresses regret, and shows that one could not do something that should have been done.
V-았/었어야 됐는데
-았/었어야 되는데 is also used as the same meaning.
The test was so difficult. I should have studied more.
시험이 너무 어려웠어요. 더 많이 공부했어야 됐는데…
It’s raining. I should. have brought an umbrella.
비가 오네요. 우산을 가지고 왔어야 됐는데…
V shows that an action is in progress
V-는 중이다
I am (being in the process of) waiting for a friend (now).
지금 친구를 기다리는 중이에요.
to fix
고치다
He’s (polite) in a meeting right now.
지금 회의하시는 중인데요.
can be added to some nouns and expresses an action in progress
N 중이다; often simplified to N 중
after doing V
V-(으)ㄴ 후에
He’ll come after his class is over.
수업이 끝난 후에 올 거예요.
V shows a decision, resolution, or promise to do something
V-기로 하다
I’ve decided to go to Jeju Island with my friend.
친구하고 같이 제주도에 가기로 했어요.
Annie and I promised to meet next week.
다음 주에 애니 씨를 만나기로 했어요.
before doing V
V-기 전에
I will buy presents for my family before I go back to my hometown.
고향에 돌아가기 전에 가족에게 줄 선물을 살 거예요.
You have to wash your hands before you eat.
밥을 먹기 전에 손을 씻어야 돼요.
What did you do before you slept yesterday?
어제 자기 전에 뭐 했어?
V used to show the speaker or writer’s hope. It is often used to request something in an official announcement or to express greetings in a card.
V-기 바라다
It hurts a lot, doesn’t it? I hope you get well soon.
많이 이프지? 빨리 낫기 바라.
I hope you have good and healthy times.
건강하게 잘 지내기 바라요.
Please come to the front of the company building by 7:00.
7까지 회사 앞으로 와 주시기 바랍니다.
V is used to suggest to do something together. It is NOT used to someone older or in a higher position than you.
•negative
V-(으)ㅂ시다
•V-지 맙시다
Let’s go eat.
밥을 먹으로 갑시다
X is added to the stem of an adjective or a verb and shows that one did not expect/anticipate that a certain status or incident would occur. For adjectives it is usually used with 이/그/저렇게
A/V-(으)ㄹ 줄 몰랐다
I didn’t know it would rain.
비가 올 줄 몰랐어요.
I didn’t know there would be this many people at the department store.
백화점에 사람이 이렇게 많을 줄 몰랐어요.
I didn’t know the weather would be this hot.
날씨가 이렇게 더울 줄 몰랐어.
X shows that one guesses something based on a certain fact or situation. “I guess”
•present a) A b) V
•있다/없다
•past
- a) A-(으)ㄴ가 보다 b) V-나 보다
- 있/없나 보다
- A/V-았/었나 보다
I guess she is sick.
아픈가 봐요.
- X shows the speaker’a regret about something that he/she did not do or could not do.
- X used when showing regret about what the speaker has done.
- V-(으)ㄹ걸 그랬다 (그랬다 can be onmitted)
* V-지 말걸 그랬다
X used to suppose an intention or inclination about doing something. (“if you want to do…”)
V-(으)려고 하면 oder V-(으)려면
I want to buy clothes at a cheap price.
옷을 싸게 사고 싶은데요.
- modify a noun with a verb in the past tense; it is used to show something that was done repetitively on the past or something has begun but not finished
- modify A/N/V to recall an event or action, or status that was COMPLETED in the past (without connection to the present)
- V-던 N
* A/V-았/었던 N
This is the room I used to use.
여기는 제가 쓰던 방이에요.
endlich; am Ende, schließlich, zuletzt
드디어
nun, wohlan, also, eh!
글쎄
Tatsache, Realität
사실
Segnung
은택
lästig sein
귀찮다
lästige Angelegenheit
귀찮은 일
besonders, im Besonderen, speziell
별로
über N (hinaus), jenseits von N
N넘어
und auch, doch
역시
in alten Zeiten
옛날에
von Alters her, in früheren Zeiten
옛날부터
erst vor Kurzem, vorhin
아까
noch jetzt
지금도 역시
aufhören
그만하다
Na,…; vielleicht
설마
komisch, seltsam, sonderbar
이상하다
- X shows that an action is worth doing
* X shows that an action is worth trying
- V-(으)ㄹ 만하다
* V-아/어 볼 만하다
How does X taste?
X은/는 맛이 어때요?
It isn’t spice and is good. It is really worth trying (to eat).
맵지 않고 맛있어요. 정말 먹어 볼 만해요.
X shows that a certain amount of time has passed by since a certain action or event happend. “Seit X Passiert ist is NZeit vergangen”
V-(으)ㄴ 지 N(Zeitangabe)이/가 되다 (됐어요)
It has been three years since I came to Korea.
한국에 온 지 3년이 됐어요.
It has been 6 months.
6개월 됐어요.
Wie lange ist es her seit du X getan hast?
X(으)ㄴ 지 얼마나 됐어요?
ausgehen
사귀다
N X denotes that the appearance or the character of the subject of the sentence and N are similar
N 같다
The scene is so beautiful it seems like a picture.
경치가 정말 아름다워서 그림 같아요.
X is used to say something that the speaker became aware of through exercise. “after trying I found out that…”
V-아/어 보니까
persönlich, direkt, unvermittelt
직접
After seeing it in person, I found out that it is so beautiful.
직접 가 보니까 정말 아름다웠어요.
X shows that something is generally closer to one certain side “Subj is generally like V/A+X”
•V
•Adj
- V-는 편이다
* A-(으)ㄴ 편이다
The roads in Seoul are generally busy.
서울은 길이 복잡한 편이에요.
I generally eat well.
잘 먹는 편이에요.
I generally like it.
좋아하는 편이에요.
X is added to a verb stem to show that someone has the intention to do a certain action though not decided yet. “I am thinking of doing”
V-(으)ㄹ까 하다
For the evening I am thinking of eating out with my family for dinner.
저녁에 가족들과 외식을 할까 해요.
I am thinking of reading a novel at home on the weekend.
주말에는 집에서 소설책을 읽을까 해요.
X denotes the speaker’s will or strong supposition.Suggestions or orders usually come in the following clause.
•if the subject is the first person in the preceding clause ->speaker’s will of a certain action
•of the subject is NOT the first person ->speaker’s strong supposition
A/V-(으)ㄹ 테니까
I’ll buy lunch (strong will). Let’s go to the restaurant together.
내가 점심을 살 테니까 같이 식당에 갑시다.
There will be many people traveling then, so hurry up and book your plain ticket fast.
그때는 여행 가는 사람이 많을 테니까 비행기 표부터 빠리 예약하세요.
X is added to a verb stem and shows that something almost happened, though it did not actually happen.
V-(으)ㄹ 뻔했다
I almost missed the plane.
비행기를 놓칠 뻔했어요.
I woke up late and was almost late for work.
늣게 일어나서 회사에 늦을 뻔했어요.
Really? It might have been a big trouble.
정말요? 큰일 날 뻔했네요.
I fell asleep while watching TV because I was tired.
텔레비전을 보다가 피곤해서 잤어요.
I almost tripped over on the stairs while being in a hurry.
서두르다가 계단에서 넘어질 뻔했어요.
X added to a verb stem and shows that as soon as a certain situation occurs, another situation occurs; “as soon as”
V-자마자
I was so tired that I fell asleep as soon as I got home.
너무 피곤해서 집에 들어가자마자 잤어요.
It’s someone I met once, but I forgot the name.
전에 한 번 만났던 사람인데 이름을 잊어버렸어요.
reicher Mann
부자
N verschlafen
늦잠자다가 N을/를 놓치다
versäumen
놓치다
den ganzen Tag verschlafen
하루종일 잠으로 지내다
V-something new has been heard/surprise
- Vst-네요; 었/았네요
2. Vst-구나/~군/~군요; 었/았구나
Wer sind Sie? Vs Wer sind denn Sie?
누구시지요 VS 누구신지요
to leave
떠나다
beendigen, abschließen
완결하다
Abschluss, Beendigung
완결
Beendigung, Vollendung, Ausarbeitung
완성
1.
[원망] (sich) wünschen; wollen (거꾸로 말할 때 sollen을 씀); verlangen (nach); sich sehnen (nach)
2.
[기대] hoffen (auf); erwarten
바라다
Fuchs
여우
außerhalb essen
외식하다
Roman
소설
[자기가] eilen,; sich beeilen; sich fördern; [일을] zu Eile antreiben; drängen; beeilen
서두르다
(um)fallen; hinfallen; einstürzen [umstürzen]
넘어지다
Treppe
계단
Post-Modifier: relationship, bearing, connection
관계
Post-Modifier: road, way, course
길
Post-Modifier: the end, conclusion, finish
끝
Post-Modifier: day
날
Post-Modifier: time
때
Post-Modifier: the midst, before finishing
도중
Post-Modifier: yard, garden, court (Hof)
마당
Post-Modifier: appearance
모양
Post-Modifier: impetus, momentum, influence
바람
Post-Modifier: the other side/hand
반면
Post-Modifier: law
법
Post-Modifier: space, interval
사이
Post-Modifier: calculation, conjecture, supposition
셈
Post-Modifier: thing
일
Post-Modifier: degree, extent, grade
정도
Post-Modifier: as a consequence/result of (something disturbing)
통
Post-Modifier: (lamentable/adverse) situation, condition, circumstance
지경
Post-Modifier: afterwards, later (on)
후
used to express one’s understanding of the subject about which one’s the interlocutor is talking and also to express confidence in one’s opinion
- V/Adj/이다
- can only be used in present/past tense
-지요
used to express feelings or thoughts about a fact that the speaker has just learned from somebody else
- V/Adj/이다
- can only be used in present/past tense
-군요 (casual: 구나)
used to express a hypothetical situation about something that is usually unlikely to occur in reality
-V/Adj/이다
-ㄴ/는다면~
used to define something; usually used in the form -(으)ㄴ/는 거예요
-은/는 -(으)ㄴ/는 것이다
used to express degree; it means “someone/something is so~, (some result occurred)”; the result in the clause following 얼마나 -(으)ㄴ/는지~ is often exagerated to an unrealistic level
e.g. 얼마나 재미있는지 한국 사람치고 안 본 사람이 없어요.
- V/Adj/이다
- can only be used in present/past tense
- cannot be command or suggestion
- alternative: 얼마나 X-(으)ㄴ/는지 몰라요 (=아주 X)
얼마나 -(으)ㄴ/는지~
is used to tell someone to do a certain action in order to avoid an unpleasant result; wenn es nicht zu V kommen soll, dann~
-adjective exceptions: 배고프다, 춥다, 덥다, 아프다, etc.
V-지 않도록 -(으)세요 (=-지 알게)
is used to express blame/reproach about something the interlocutor did or didn’t do; “You should have…”
-았/었/였어야지요
is used to express regret about an action that the speaker did or didn’t do; regret over a past situation
- 았/었/였어야 했는데~
- 았/었/였어야 했는데요.
used to express that the subject has (of their own volition) completed an action; to express the present feeling about a completed action/event; also used for regret about a completed action or event
-아/어/여 버리다
used to express a guess about what will happen in the future; used for conjecture based on some recently obtained information; to make a guess about a present situation
- only present tense
- cannot be used with command nor suggestion
-(으)려나 보다
used to quote proverbs, often used phrases, press articles or common knowledge and refer to information about which the speaker thinks the interlocutor already knows
-다고 하잖아요
used to explain the meaning of an expression or a sentence
-다는 뜻이다
used to express the necessary conditions for something to happen; “a certain action must be done or a certain situation must exist in order for (a certain result to occur)”
- the preceding clause is always in the present tense
- cannot be a command or suggestion
-아/어/여야~
used to talk about something that the speaker did not know before but has now learned; “I didn’t know (a certain fact) until now”; used to talk about an action or situation that is different from what was expected
-(으)ㄴ/는 줄 몰랐다
used to express the continuation of a state
- used with intransitive verbs (verbs with no object)
- transitive verbs are changed to the passive form
-아/어/여 있다
used to talk about repeatedly occurring actions
- past or present tense
- not used in cases where the action occurs regularly
- often used with 자주, 가끔
-곤 하다
to express a guess about thoughts or feelings after listening to what someone else has said
-겠군요 (casual: -겠구나)
to express a supposition about a situation that is contrary to reality or which is almost impossible; to make a supposition about a fact or situation which happened in the past
-았/었/였다면~
