Grammar - Week 31 Flashcards
Active voice
A verb is in the active voice when teh subject is the person or thing that performs the action.
Passive voice
A verb is in the passive voice when the subject is the person or thing to which the action is done.
The sign of the 3rd conjugation
All verbs whose present infinitive active end in -ere (with the first e short) belong to the 3rd conjugation.
Four principal parts of 1st conjugation (laudō)
The endings of the four principal parts of hte 1st conjugation are: -ō, -āre, -āvī, -ātus. (laudō, laudāre, laudāvī, laudātus)
The grammatical concept of person
Grammatical person indicates either 1st person (the person speaking: I, we), 2nd person (person spoken to: you), 3rd person (person spoken of: he, she, it, they)
The sign of the 2nd conjugation
All verbs whose present infinitive active ends in -ēre belong to the 2nd conjugation.
Three forms of the perfect indicative active in English
The perfect indicative active is expressed in English in three forms.:
1.) I praised. 2.) I did praise. 3.) I have praised.
Direct reflexives
A pronoun that refers back to the subject of its own clause is a direct reflexive.
Ablative of Accompaniment
The ablative with cum is used when with expresses association, pointing out the person or think in company with which something is or is done.
Uniqueness of future indiciative active of the 3rd conjugation
The future indicative active of the 3rd conjugation is different from the 1st and 2nd declensions. While the personal endings are the same, there is no tense sign, and the vowel of the ending changes.
Ablative of Means
The ablative without a preposition is used to express a non-living agent or the means or instrument by which something is done.
Three characteristics of verbs
In both English and Latin, verbs change their form to express person, number, and tense. (There are actually more than three but we will study only three.)
Four principal parts of the 4th conjugation
The endings of the four principal parts of verbs in the 4th declesions are: -iō, -īre, -īvī, -ītus (audiō, audīre, audīvī, audītus).
Ablative of Agent
When an action is done by a living agent, it is expressed in Latin by using the preposition ā/ab.
Finding and using the present stem
The present stem is found by dropping the ending from teh 2nd principal part and the present, imperfect, and future tenses are placed on the present stem.
Third person direct reflexives
When a third person pronoun refers back to the subject of its own clause, a form of suī, rather than is, ea, id must be used.
Tense sign for Future Tense
The tense sign bi is the sign of the future tense.
Principal Parts
The Principal parts are the four main forms on whose stems all the other forms of the verb are built.
Three present tense forms in English
The three present tense forms in English are: 1. You praise. 2. You are praising. 3. You do praise.
Agreement of possessive adjectives
Possessive adjectives agree with the noun they modify in case, number, and gender.
Perfect stem
The perfect, pluperfect, and future perfect tenses are built on the perfect stem.
Formation of the Imperfect Tense
Verbs in the imperfect tense are formed on the present stem.
The sign of the 1st congutation
All verbs whose present infinitive active ends in -āre belong to the 1st conjugation.
Uniqueness of imperfect and future active and indicative
To find the endings of the imperfect and future indicative of the 4th conjugation, the 4th conjugation puts in -i before the endings of the 3rd
Three ways to ask questions in Latin
Interrogative adverbs, pronouns, and particles are three ways questions can be asked in Latin.
Four principal parts of the 2nd conjugation (moneō)
The endings of the four principal parts of the 2nd conjugation are: -eō, -ēre, -uī, -itus.
Personal endings of verbs
The personal endings of all Latin verbs are:
-ō or -m, -s, -t, -mus, -tis, -nt
Perfect System Passive
The perfect, pluperfect, and future perfect tenses are compound tenses in which the fourth principal part (the perfect participle passive) is joined with the appropriate form of sum
Distinguishing feature of the 1st conjugation
The ending in the 1st conjugation begins with a.
Tense sign for Imperfect Tense
The tense ba is the sign of the imperfect tense.
