Grammar Review (from Duff) Flashcards
In contract verbs, ε + ε =
ει
In contract verbs, ε + ο =
ου
In contract verbs, ε + any long vowel or diphthong =
the ε is deleted
Which case does the object of ἀκουω take?
It takes accusative if it’s a thing that is heard but genitive if it’s a person that is heard.
Which case does the object of πιστευω take?
dative
How do you tell which conjugation pattern a feminine noun will take?
If the word ends in a vowel or ρ, it will conjugate like ἡμερα (with α throughout the paradigm)
If the word ends in σ, ξ, or ζ, it will conjugate like δοξα (with η for the genitive and dative singular)
Otherwise, it will conjugate like ἀρχη (with η in the singular and α in the plural)
Generally, accusative case appearing with a preposition has the meaning of
extension in time and space.
Generally, genitive case appearing with a preposition has the meaning of
separation in time or space or the idea of a kind.
Generally, dative case appearing with a preposition has the meaning of
location in time or space.
An inanimate instrument can be expressed by
appearing in the dative case.
An animate agent can be expressed by
the preposition ὑπο + genitive.
The meaning of ‘along with’ can be expressed by
the preposition μετα + genitive.
What are the possible words orders of article, noun, and attributive adjective?
- article + adjective + noun
2. article + noun + article + adjective
What are the possible word orders for a clause with a predicative adjective?
- subject + be + adjective
2. adjective + be + subject
How do you make an existential clause? (There is/are…)
You put the verb ‘to be’ at the beginning of the sentence
What case do predicative nouns get?
Nominative
How can you tell apart the subject and a predicated noun as object?
Either the subject comes before the complement or the article is dropped from the complement.
What is the meaning of the Greek present tense in the indicative?
Time = present Aspect = process or undefined
What is the meaning of the Greek future tense in the indicative?
Time = future Aspect = undefined
What is the meaning of the Greek imperfect tense in the indicative?
Time = past Aspect = process
What is the meaning of the Greek aorist tense in the indicative?
Time = past Aspect = undefined
How do you form the Greek present indicative?
no prefix, no suffix
How do you form the Greek future indicative?
no prefix, -σ suffix, same agreement as the present tense
How do you form the Greek imperfect indicative?
ἐ prefix, no suffix, imperfect agreement markers
How do you form the Greek aorist indicative?
ἐ prefix, -σ suffix, aorist agreement markers
The augment ἐ before α becomes
η
The augment ἐ before ε becomes
η
The augment ἐ before ο becomes
ω
The augment ἐ before η, ι, υ, and ω becomes
it does not change
___ + σ = ψ
π, β, φ
___ + σ = σ
τ, δ, θ, ζ
___ + σ = ξ
κ, γ, χ, σσ
In -εω contract verbs, the σ suffix causes
the ε to lengthen to η
Which tenses do not appear in the other moods?
the future and the imperfect
Which affix never appears in the other moods?
The past tense augment ἑ
How can you tell apart aorist participles and present participles?
Aorist participles tend to have an ‘α’ sound but present participles tend to have an ‘o’ sound
What is the difference in meaning between present and aorist participles?
Present participles have a simultaneous meaning (‘while’ or ‘as’) but aorist participles have a sequential meaning (‘after’ or ‘when’)
1st declension nouns are mostly of which gender?
feminine
2nd declension nouns are mostly of which gender?
masculine
What is the word order for demonstrative pronouns when used as adjectives?
demonstrative + article + noun
Which reflexive pronoun do you use for first and second person plural?
ἐαυτοϛ
How can you tell apart relative pronouns from the definite article?
The relative almost always has an accent but the article almost never does.
What does the relative pronoun agree with?
Number and gender agree with the antecedent.
Case depends on its role in the relative clause.
What tense is used in reported speech in Greek?
The original tense used in the speech (e.g., it is not shifted like in English)
Which case do you use in the Greek to express duration? (how long)
accusative
Which case do you use in the Greek to express that something occurred during a time period? (during)
genitive
Which case do you use in the Greek to express that something occurred at a particular point in time? (at which)
dative
Which set of agreement morphemes do second aorists take?
In the indicative mood = imperfect endings
In the other moods = present endings
How do you identify a liquid verb?
Liquid verbs have stems that end in μ, ν, λ, or ρ.
Which suffix causes changes in liquid verbs?
the -σ suffix since σ cannot follow μ, ν, λ, or ρ.
What happens to liquid verbs in the future?
A different stem is used, no σ is added, and the endings from the present -εω verbs are used.
What happens to liquid verbs in the aorist?
A different stem is used, no σ is added, and the augments and the endings from the first aorist is used as normal.
How do you tell the difference between between an interrogative and indefinite pronoun?
The indefinite cannot be the first word in a sentence.
If there’s an accent is on the first syllable, it’s probably the interrogative word.
ε + α =
η
ε + ο =
ου
ε + ω =
ω
Which declension pattern do the deponent participles follow?
They decline like ἀγαθοϛ (2nd declension)
Which declension pattern do the active participles follow?
They decline following the 3-1-3 pattern like παϛ
What is the meaning of the present participle?
simultaneous
What is the meaning of the aorist participle?
sequence
How is the future passive formed?
with the suffix -θησ
How is the future aorist formed?
with the augment and the suffix -θ
What consonant changes are triggered by the passive -θ suffix?
π, β, φ + θ = φθ
τ, δ, θ, ζ + θ = σθ
κ, γ, χ, σσ + θ = χθ
How do you convey a passive meaning with a deponent verb?
Use the passive voice
What is the (rare) special meaning of the middle voice on non-deponent verbs?
to express actions that affect the subject (like a reflexive)
What is the meaning of the Greek perfect tense in the indicative?
Time = past or present Aspect = completed
How is the perfect active formed?
reduplicated prefix + κ suffix + agreement markers
How is the perfect passive formed?
reduplicated prefix + special agreement markers (they’re similar to the present passive agreement markers but without an initial vowel)
What does perfect reduplication look like for words starting with a consonant?
the consonant is repeated, followed by ε
What does perfect reduplication look like for words starting with a vowel?
The vowel lengthens
What is a long α?
η
What is a long ε?
η
What is a long ο?
ω
What does perfect reduplication look like for compound verbs?
the reduplication affects the stem, with the preposition outside of the reduplication
What is the difference between reduplication and the augment?
reduplication occurs in all moods (for the perfect) but the augment only occurs in the indicative (for the aorist and imperfect)
What is the meaning of the perfect participle?
a present state of affairs resulting from a completed action in the past
What is the meaning of the pluperfect?
a past state arising from an event further in the past
What is the form of the active pluperfect?
the augment (although sometimes omitted) + reduplication + stem + κ + ει + agreement
What is the form of the passive pluperfect?
the augment (although sometimes omitted) + reduplication + stem + agreement
What is the distinction between the subjunctive and indicative in form?
The initial vowel of the agreement marker is lengthened in the subjunctive
What are the seven uses of the subjunctive?
- indefinite (ἀν + subjunctive)
- purpose (ἰνα + subjunctive)
- exhortations (1st person plural subjunctive)
- deliberations (1st person subjunctive questions)
- prohibitions (negative μη + subjunctive)
- emphatic negative future (οὐ μη + aorist subjunctive)
- conditions (ἐαν + subjunctive)
What is special about δυναμαι, καθημαι, κειμαι, and οἰδα?
They use the perfect tense for a present meaning.
They use the pluperfect tense for a past meaning.
(Think of them as being states arising from a past action)
What case do subjects of infinitives have?
accusative
Which verbs select for an infinitive verb?
δει 'it is necessary' δυναμαι 'I am able' ἐστιν 'It is' ἐξεστιν 'It is lawful' θελω 'I wish' μελλω 'I intend/am about to'
The subject of the infinitive that is complement to ἐξεστιν ‘It is lawful’ appears in what case?
dative
How do you express a result in Greek?
with the particle ὡστε and the infinitive
What is the articular infinitive?
neuter singular article + infinitive
in these cases, the articular infinitive acts like a noun denoting the activity or fact of the [verb]
Which verb forms share the same stem as the present active principle part?
the present and imperfect in all voices
Which verb forms share the same stem as the future active principle part?
the future active and middle
Which verb forms share the same stem as the aorist active principle part?
the aorist active and middle
Which verb forms share the same stem as the perfect active principle part?
the perfect and pluperfect actives
Which verb forms share the same stem as the perfect passive principle part?
the perfect and pluperfect middles and passives
Which verb forms share the same stem as the aorist passive principle part?
the aorist and future passive
In which tenses do -μι verbs have a special reduplicated stem?
present and imperfect
What is the difference between present tense reduplication for -μι verbs and regular perfect reduplication?
Present -μι verb reduplication = consonant + ι
Perfect reduplication = consonant + ε
How do you distinguish between the two meanings of ἱστημι?
For the transitive (cause to stand) meaning, use the present active (ἱστημι), the future active (στησω), or the first aorist active (ἐστεσα)
For the intransitive meaning (just stand), use the perfect active (ἐστηκα), the future middle (στησομαι), the second aorist active (ἐστην), or the aorist passive (ἐσταθην)
In general, what are the changes that occur in all three contract verbs (-εω, -αω, -οω) across the tenses?
in present and imperfect – contractions take place
in the other tenses - the short vowel lengthens
what is the protasis and apodosis?
the two parts of a conditional
protasis = the ‘if’ clause
apodosis = the ‘then’ clause
Basic condition
protasis = εἰ + indicative apodosis = any mood or tense meaning = if the protasis is true, then the apodosis is true
indefinite condition
protasis = ἐαν + subjunctive apodosis = any mood or tense meaning = the condition is about the future or generic
contrary to fact condition
protasis = εἰ + indicative apodosis = ἀν + indicative meaning = the speaker thinks that the protasis is not true
What is the genitive absolute?
A clause with a genitive subject and genitive participle that gives background information about the clause, and does not modify directly any parts of the main clause.
What part of speech are words ending in -ωϛ?
adverbs
How do you tell whether the connecting vowel in comparatives and superlatives is going to be long or short?
If the last vowel of the stem is short, then ο is used
If the last vowel of the stem is long or a diphthong, then ω is used
What are the uses of the optative mood?
for wishes and for indirect questions (questions within reported speech)
How are the optatives formed?
Optatives are formed like the subjunctive, but use the diphthongs οι or αι in place of the long vowel.
