Grammar Concepts - 3-2021 Flashcards
What vs. Which
Although what and which are often interchangeable, there is a subtle difference between the two.
Generally, we use what when the amount of possible answers is unknown or unlimited, and we use which when we either know how many choices there are, or we consider the options to be more limited. Think about the difference between these two sentences:
“What present do you think you’ll get for Christmas?”
“Which present do you think you’ll get for Christmas?”
O que X qual
Embora What e Which sejam freqüentemente intercambiáveis, há uma diferença sutil entre os dois.
Geralmente, usamos What quando a quantidade de respostas possíveis é desconhecida ou ilimitada e Which quando sabemos quantas opções existem ou consideramos as opções mais limitadas. Pense na diferença entre essas duas frases:
“Que presente você acha que vai ganhar no Natal?”
“Qual presente você acha que vai ganhar no Natal?”
Whose
Whose is an adjective that denotes possession, or belonging. We can use it to ask who the owner of an object is. For example:
“Whose socks are on the floor?”
“Whose book is this?”
“Whose turn is it?”
In these examples, the speaker is trying to find out who the socks, book, and turn belong to.
De quem
Whose é um adjetivo que denota posse ou pertencimento. Podemos usá-lo para perguntar quem é o proprietário de um objeto. Por exemplo:
“De quem são meias estão no chão?”
“De quem é esse livro?”
“Quem é a vez?”
Nesses exemplos, está tentando descobrir a quem pertencem as meias, o livro e a vez
What is the past perfect continuous tense?
The past perfect continuous tense (also called the past perfect progressive tense) is used to describe an action that began and was still in progress in the past before another past action started. In contrast to the past perfect tense, which describes a past action that finished before the second action started, the past perfect continuous emphasizes the continuous progress of that action.
We had been waiting for a long time when the bus finally came.
My little sister had been sitting very quietly, but then she started to cry.
I’d been cleaning all day, so I was too tired to go out last night.
What is an auxiliary verb? Auxiliary verbs (also called helping verbs) are verbs that add functional meaning to other “main” or “full” verbs in a clause. They are used to create different tenses or aspects, to form negatives and interrogatives, or to add emphasis to a sentence. However, they do not have semantic meaning unto themselves. Types of Auxiliary Verbs Here is the complete list of auxiliary verbs: be do have can could will would shall should must may might ought to used to need dare
What is an auxiliary verb? Auxiliary verbs (also called helping verbs) are verbs that add functional meaning to other “main” or “full” verbs in a clause. They are used to create different tenses or aspects, to form negatives and interrogatives, or to add emphasis to a sentence. However, they do not have semantic meaning unto themselves. Types of Auxiliary Verbs Here is the complete list of auxiliary verbs: be do have can could will would shall should must may might ought to used to need dare
Modal Auxiliary Verbs - Can
As a modal auxiliary verb, can is most often used to express a person or thing’s ability to do something. It is also used to express or ask for permission to do something, to describe the possibility that something can happen, and to issue requests and offers.
Expressing ability
John can run faster than anyone I know.
Permission
Can I go to the bathroom, Ms. Smith?
Adding angry emphasis
You can walk home if you’re going to be so ungrateful!
Possibility and likelihood
You can get help on your papers from your teaching assistant.
Negative certainty and disbelief
You can’t be tired—you’ve been sleeping all day!
Making requests
Can you get that book down from the shelf for me?
Making offers
Can I give you a ride home?
Future Perfect Continuous Tense
What is the future perfect continuous tense?
Like the future perfect tense, we use the future perfect continuous tense (also known as the future perfect progressive tense) to indicate how long something has been happening once a future moment in time is reached. It can also be used in this way to indicate the cause of a possible future result.
By June, I will have been living in New York for four years.”
“She’s going to miss half the day because she’ll have been sleeping for so long!”
“At eight o’clock I’ll have been waiting here for an hour.”
When you get here, we’ll have eaten already.”
“They’ll have finished by late tonight.”
“The baby will have woken up by six o’clock tomorrow morning.”
Comparative Adverbs
Comparative adverbs, like comparative adjectives, are used to describe differences and similarities between two things. While comparative adjectives describe similarities and differences between two nouns (people, places, or objects), comparative adverbs make comparisons between two verbs—that is, they describe how, when, how often, or to what degree an action is done
John is faster than Tim.(comparative adjective)
John runs faster than Tim.(comparative adverb)
John is more careful than Tim in his work.(comparative adjective)
John works more carefully than Tim.(comparative adverb)
Uncountable Nouns
What is an uncountable noun?
Nouns that cannot be divided or counted as individual elements or separate parts are called uncountable nouns (also known as mass nouns or non-count nouns). These can be tangible objects (such as substances or collective categories of things), or intangible or abstract things, such as concepts or ideas. Nouns that can be divided are called countable nouns, or simply count nouns.
Here are some examples of uncountable nouns:
Substances:
wood
smoke
air
water
Collective categories:
furniture
homework
accommodation
luggage
Abstract ideas or concepts:
love hate beauty intelligence arrogance access news
Substantivos incontáveis
O que é um substantivo incontável?
Substantivos que não podem ser divididos ou contados como elementos individuais ou partes separadas são chamados de substantivos incontáveis (também conhecidos como substantivos massivos ou substantivos não contáveis). Podem ser objetos tangíveis (como substâncias ou categorias coletivas de coisas) ou coisas intangíveis ou abstratas, como conceitos ou ideias. Os substantivos que podem ser divididos são chamados de substantivos contáveis ou simplesmente substantivos contáveis.
Aqui estão alguns exemplos de substantivos incontáveis:
Substâncias:
Madeira
fumaça
ar
agua
Categorias coletivas:
mobília
trabalho de casa
alojamento
bagagem
Ideias ou conceitos abstratos:
amor odiar beleza inteligência arrogância Acesso notícias
Nouns
Nouns are words that indicate a person, place, or thing.
In a sentence, nouns can function as the subject or the object of a verb or preposition. Nouns can also follow linking verbs to rename or re-identify the subject of a sentence or clause; these are known as predicate nouns.
Concrete and Abstract Nouns Concrete nouns name people, places, animals, or things that are physically tangible—that is, they can be seen or touched, or have some physical properties. Proper nouns are also usually concrete, as they describe unique people, places, or things that are also tangible. For example: table rocks lake countries people Africa MacBook Jonathan
Abstract nouns, as their name implies, name intangible things, such as concepts, ideas, feelings, characteristics, attributes, etc. For instance: love hate decency conversation emotion
The dog chased its tail.”
(The noun dog is performing the action of the verb chase.)
The dog chased its tail.”
(The noun tail is receiving the action of the verb chase.)
Please pass Jeremy the salt.”
(The proper noun Jeremy is receiving the direct object salt, which receives the action of the verb pass.)
Love is a virtue.”
(The noun phrase a virtue follows the linking verb is to rename the subject love.)
Conjunctions
What is a conjunction?
Conjunctions are used to express relationships between things in a sentence, link different clauses together, and to combine sentences.
Without conjunctions, we would be forced to use brief, simple sentences that do not express the full range of meaning we wish to communicate. Plus, only using simple sentences would sound unnaturally abrupt and disjointed.
By using different kinds of conjunctions, however, we are able to make more complex, sophisticated sentences that show a connection between actions and ideas.
There are four main types of conjunctions: coordinating conjunctions, subordinating conjunctions, correlative conjunctions, and conjunctive adverbs.
coordinating conjunctions:
and, but, or, yet, for, so and nor.
I like to run and swim.
Subordinating conjunctions connect a subordinate clause to an independent clause.
Although it was raining, I didn’t take an umbrella.
Correlative conjunctions are pairs of conjunctions that work together to indicate the relationship between two elements in a sentence.
Sports are a great way to bring people together, whether you like to play or just watch.
Conjunctive adverbs join two independent clauses. These can either be two separate sentences, or they can be joined into a single complex sentence with a semicolon.
The English language school offers discounted English language courses. There’s also a library where you can study and borrow books.
Adverbs of Frequency
Adverbs of frequency (sometimes called frequency adverbs) tell us how often something happens or is the case; they can describe verbs and adjectives, but they do not modify other adverbs.
Adverbs of definite frequency describe a specific or exact range of time for when something occurs or is the case. Some common examples are:
yearly/annually
biannually (This can mean either “twice in a year” or “every two years,” depending on context.)
quarterly (Meaning “four times in a year, at the end of every quarter”.)
monthly
weekly
daily
hourly
every minute (Minutely means the same thing, but is much less commonly used.)
every second (We do not say secondly, because this means “in the second place.”)
Modal Auxiliary Verbs - Might
The modal verb might is most often used to express an unlikely or uncertain possibility. Might is also used to very formally or politely ask for permission, and it is used as the past-tense form of may when asking permission in reported speech. It can also be used to suggest an action, or to introduce two differing possibilities.
Expressing possibility
When we use might to indicate possibility, it implies a very weak certainty or likelihood that something will happen, occur, or be the case. For instance:
“I’m hoping that she might call me later.”
“We might go to a party later, if you want to come.”
“You should pack an umbrella—it looks like it might rain.”
“There might be some dinner left over for you in the fridge.”
“If we don’t arrive early enough, we might not be able to get in to the show.”
“We still might make our flight if we leave right now!”
“If we’re lucky, we might have a chance of reversing the damage.”
Politely asking for permission
Might we go to the park this afternoon, Father?”
“Might I ask you a few questions?”
“I’m finished with my dinner. Might I be excused from the table?
Present Perfect Continuous Tense
The present perfect continuous tense (sometimes called the present perfect progressive tense) is formed by using the present tense of the auxiliary verb have (or has, if used with third-person singular pronouns) along with been (the past participle of the auxiliary verb be) and the present participle (-ing form) of the “main” verb.
For example:
“I have been living in New York City.”
That which began in the past and continues in the present
The present perfect continuous is often used to talk about something that began happening in the past (anytime “before now”) and which is still happening (unfinished) in the present.
“I have been living in New York City.”
“I have been living in New York City for three years.”
“I have been living in New York City since I was 18.”
“I have been living in New York City all my life.”
Past Perfect
The past perfect tense is used to describe an action that was completed in the past, prior to another past action. It is formed using had + the past participle form of the main verb.
For example:
“I had eaten when she called.”
“Why did you visit Las Vegas again when you had been there before?”
“She had cooked dinner and had it waiting on the table when we got home.
“I had eaten when she called.”
“Why did you visit Las Vegas again when you had been there before?”
“She had cooked dinner and had it waiting on the table when we got home.”
Demonstrative Pronouns
Demonstrative pronouns are pronouns used to function as or stand in place of nouns or noun phrases in a sentence while also indicating that which is nearby or far away in space or time.
Because demonstrative pronouns are less specific than the nouns or noun phrases they replace, you have to rely on context to clarify what is being referred to. In spoken English, this can mean having to gesture toward, point to, or look at the thing or things indicated by the demonstrative pronoun. In written English, demonstrative pronouns are usually used to refer to previously mentioned things, ideas, or topics (their antecedents).
There are four demonstrative pronouns:
this
that
these
those
Ex:
This isn’t mine.” (singular, near)
“Give me that.” (singular, not near)
“These are really gross.” (plural, near)
“I forgot to bring those.” (plural, not neártico).
That is Amy standing by the door.”
“This must be Jake.”
“That appears to be the woman I saw earlier.”
“Who is that?”
