Grammar 2 Flashcards
Why are subordinating conjunctions more difficult than coordinating conjunctions?
Because they do not always resemble the Modern English word they correspond with in function.
Why did /a/ become /æ/?
It was spontaneous fronting unless it was followed by a nasal or back-vowel in the next syllable.
Fronting: when did /a/ stay /a/?
When followed by a back-vowel (a o u).
Fronting: when did /a/ become /ɔ/?
If it was followed by a nasal /n m/.
What is it called when short /æ/ turned into <ea> and /e/ turned into /eo/?</ea>
Breaking
When does breaking occur?
If short /æ/ or /e/ was followed by;
1. h+consonant
2. r+consonant
3. l+consonant
Explain the alternation between:
the g° (j) in dæ°g
the g (g) in dagas
It is caused by palatalisation because g preceded a front vowel and is therefore not palatalised.
Palatalisation: what happened to /g/
It became /j/ <g°>.
Palatalisation: what happens to /k/ <c></c>
It became /tsch/ <c°>
When does palatalisation occur?
When a velar plosive /g/ or /k/ is preceded or followed by a front-vowel in the same syllable.
When happens when the beginning of a word is palatalised?
It may affect the vowel:
ae > ea
e > ie
Where do you find the word order Subject-verb in OE?
In both independent and subordinate clauses.
Where do you find the word order Verb-subject in OE?
Independant clause introduced by certain adverbs: pā, ponne (then), pœr (there), panon (thence), pider (thither).
But also the negative adverb ‘ne’. Also conjugations and/ond & ‘ac’ (but).
These are quite frequent in narrative situations.
Where do you find the OE word order Subject….verb
Subordinate clauses introduced by and/ond, but also ac (but).
Weak verbs Class I
- Vowel before t/d (-e)
- Infinitives ends with -an/-rian
- Stem vowel affected by i-mutation (i,y,e,æ)
- Gemination in short stem
- Front vowel in stem
Weak verbs Class II
- Vowel before t/d (o,a)
- Infinitive ends with -ian/rian
- Stem vowel not affected by i-mutation (u,o,a definitely class II)
Weak verbs Class III
- Libban = live
- Habban = have
- Hycgan = think
- Secgan = say
Difference negation Old English vs. PDE
Old English: multiple negatives make something more negative.
PDE: two negatives make a positive.
Eight parts of speech
- Verb
- Noun
- Adjective
- Adverb
- Pronoun
- Conjunction
- Preposition
- Interjection
What is the most important feature of athematic nouns?
They sometimes have i-mutation of the root vowel instead of an ending.
Strong verbs: past 1
Strong verbs: past 2
Past 1: first and third person singular past indicative
Past 2: second person singular past indicative, plural past indicative and subjunctive forms
Strong verbs: past participle
Just past participle
How to determine class of strong verbs
- Determine column
• Infinitive: pres. indicative, imperatives, present subjunctive and present participle.
• Past 1: 1st and 3rd singular past indicative
• Past 2: 2nd singular past indicative and all plural past indicative and past subjunctive
• Past participle: past participle - Check vowel in stem
- How many consonants in them?
• Two = class 3 (sometimes 7) - If one consonant, which one?
• If MLNR = class 4
What are preterite-present verbs?
Verbs that look like past tense of strong verbs, but are present.
