Grammar

Question 1

Nominative

Answer 1

1. Subject
2. Direct address
3. Complement

Question 2

Accusative

Answer 2

1. Direct address
2. Object of some prepositions (magic sheet)

Question 3

Genitive

Answer 3

1. Possession
2. Partitive
3. Descriptive

Question 4

Dative

Answer 4

1. Indirect object
2. Object of some prepositions (magic sheet)
3. Instrument, means, manner

Question 5

Partitive (genitive)

Answer 5

Each of the men.
Thirty of the students failed.

Question 6

Descriptive (genitive)

Answer 6

The boy is of good nature.

Question 7

What is special about the 3rd person possessive adjective?

Answer 7

It has no inflection.

Mit minum huse
Mit his huse.

Question 8

Biggest difference weak and strong nouns

Answer 8

Strong has a lot of declensions, weak has very few.

Question 9

When is the stem of a noun short? When is it long?

Answer 9

Short: short vowel/diphthong + one consonant at the end.

Long: long vowel/diphthong + two consonants.
But also: long vowel/diphthong.

Question 10

When is an adjective weak?

Answer 10

Modified by:
1. Demonstrative pronoun
2. Possessive pronoun
3. Genitive nounphrase when it is a comparative and ordinal number.
4. Indefinte article

Comparative: larger, better.
Ordinal number: first, last, fifth (not o ðer)

Question 11

When is an adjective strong?

Answer 11

When it is not weak.

Question 12

I-mutation

Answer 12

When a vowel is pronounced higher and farther forward (towards /i/).

Man > men
Tooth > teeth
Sell > sold

Question 13

I-mutation /a/

Answer 13

/æ/

Question 14

I-mutation /an/ or /am/

Answer 14

/en/ or /em/

Question 15

I-mutation /æ/

Answer 15

/e/

Question 16

I-mutation /e/

Answer 16

/i/

Question 17

I-mutation /ea/ or /eo/

Answer 17

/ie/ (i y)

Question 18

I-mutation /o/

Answer 18

/e/

Question 19

I-mutation /u/

Answer 19

/y/

Question 20

I-mutation /ā/

Answer 20

/æ-/

Question 21

I-mutation /ēa/ or /ēo/

Answer 21

/īe/ (/ī ŷ/)

Question 22

I-mutation /ō/

Answer 22

/ē/

Question 23

I-mutation /ū/

Answer 23

/ō/

Question 24

Which tenses does OE have?

Answer 24

Present and past.

Question 25

What is the difference between weak and strong verbs?

Answer 25

Weak verbs adds a dental suffix in the past tense. Strong verbs change their root vowel in the past tense, without adding a dental suffix!

Question 26

Subjunctive mood

Answer 26

1. Wishes/desires 2. Reported opinion 3. Doubts 4. Hypothetical situation 5. Conditional Basically, when a statement is not a fact. Also triggered by if (gif) and peah, pe, though, lest, whether.

Question 27

Imperative mood

Answer 27

1. Commands 2. Requests 3. Directly addressing someone

Question 28

Indicative mood

Answer 28

1. He, she, it 2. Facts 3. Everything that is not a subjunctive or imperative

Question 29

What are the anomalous verbs? And what are their past tenses?

Answer 29

They don’t follow the predictable rules that apply to weak and strong verbs. 1. Bēon/wesan = wesan (be) 2. Dōn = dyde, dēð (do) 3. Gān = eode (go) 4. Willan = wolde (want) Beon, to be. Don, to do. Gan, to go. Willan, to want. (waes, willan, dōn, būan.)

Question 30

What is concord? And why is it useful?

Answer 30

Agreement in gender, case, number or person between different sentence elements. It is useful because it shows what parts of a sentence are connected.

Question 31

What are impersonal verbs?

Answer 31

Verbs without a subject/verbs that have ‘it’ as a placeholder subject (*hit* in OE).

Question 32

Why can the ending -um in adjectives be confusing?

Answer 32

Because it can represent both dative singular and plurals.

Question 33

Comparative adjectives and ordinal numbers (except ‘second ōðer) are…

Answer 33

Weak

Question 34

What is the function of an adverb?

Answer 34

Modify or describe a verb, adjective, another adverb, or entire sentence.

Question 35

Important adverbs and their meanings; ōer, ēac, siððan, pā, ac, for pām pe, oð pœt.

Answer 35

1. ōer = before 2. ēac = also 3. siððan = afterwards 4. pā = then 5. ac = but 6. for pām pe = because 7. oð pœt = until

Question 36

Important adverbs and their meanings *PART 2*; pā, be, mid, of, wið, ymb(e)

Answer 36

1. pā = when 2. be = by near 3. mid = with 4. of = from 5. wið = opposite, against 6. ymb(e) = near, by

Question 37

How can adverbs be made in Old English?

Answer 37

1. By adding -e, -lice, or -unga to the end of an existing noun or adjective. 2. By adding cause endings to noun (eg. genitive or dative).

Question 38

Interrogative adverbs: hū, hwider, hwanon, hwōer, hwonne, hwŷ

Answer 38

1. hū = how 2. hwider = whither 3. hwōer = where 4. hwonne when 5. hwŷ = why

Question 39

Pronunciation of /sc/

Answer 39

Pronounced as [ʃ], but within a word, surrounded by back vowels, it is pronounced [sk].

Question 40

Accentuation (stress)

Answer 40

All words are accented on the first syllable, except words beginning with *ge-*. These are stressed on the second syllable. Also, verbs with prefixes are accented on the next syllable after the prefix.