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Philology 2 > Grammar > Flashcards

Grammar Flashcards

1
Q

Nominative

A
  1. Subject
  2. Direct address
  3. Complement
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2
Q

Accusative

A
  1. Direct address
  2. Object of some prepositions (magic sheet)
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3
Q

Genitive

A
  1. Possession
  2. Partitive
  3. Descriptive
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4
Q

Dative

A
  1. Indirect object
  2. Object of some prepositions (magic sheet)
  3. Instrument, means, manner
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5
Q

Partitive (genitive)

A

Each of the men.
Thirty of the students failed.

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6
Q

Descriptive (genitive)

A

The boy is of good nature.

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7
Q

What is special about the 3rd person possessive adjective?

A

It has no inflection.

Mit minum huse
Mit his huse.

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8
Q

Biggest difference weak and strong nouns

A

Strong has a lot of declensions, weak has very few.

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9
Q

When is the stem of a noun short? When is it long?

A

Short: short vowel/diphthong + one consonant at the end.

Long: long vowel/diphthong + two consonants.
But also: long vowel/diphthong.

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10
Q

When is an adjective weak?

A

Modified by:
1. Demonstrative pronoun
2. Possessive pronoun
3. Genitive nounphrase when it is a comparative and ordinal number.
4. Indefinte article

Comparative: larger, better.
Ordinal number: first, last, fifth (not o ðer)

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11
Q

When is an adjective strong?

A

When it is not weak.

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12
Q

I-mutation

A

When a vowel is pronounced higher and farther forward (towards /i/).

Man > men
Tooth > teeth
Sell > sold

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13
Q

I-mutation /a/

A

/æ/

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14
Q

I-mutation /an/ or /am/

A

/en/ or /em/

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15
Q

I-mutation /æ/

A

/e/

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16
Q

I-mutation /e/

A

/i/

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17
Q

I-mutation /ea/ or /eo/

A

/ie/ (i y)

18
Q

I-mutation /o/

A

/e/

19
Q

I-mutation /u/

A

/y/

20
Q

I-mutation /ā/

A

/æ-/

21
Q

I-mutation /ēa/ or /ēo/

A

/īe/ (/ī ŷ/)

22
Q

I-mutation /ō/

A

/ē/

23
Q

I-mutation /ū/

A

/ō/

24
Q

Which tenses does OE have?

A

Present and past.

25
Q

What is the difference between weak and strong verbs?

A

Weak verbs adds a dental suffix in the past tense.

Strong verbs change their root vowel in the past tense, without adding a dental suffix!

26
Q

Subjunctive mood

A
  1. Wishes/desires
  2. Reported opinion
  3. Doubts
  4. Hypothetical situation
  5. Conditional

Basically, when a statement is not a fact. Also triggered by if (gif) and peah, pe, though, lest, whether.

27
Q

Imperative mood

A
  1. Commands
  2. Requests
  3. Directly addressing someone
28
Q

Indicative mood

A
  1. He, she, it
  2. Facts
  3. Everything that is not a subjunctive or imperative
29
Q

What are the anomalous verbs? And what are their past tenses?

A

They don’t follow the predictable rules that apply to weak and strong verbs.

  1. Bēon/wesan = wesan (be)
  2. Dōn = dyde, dēð (do)
  3. Gān = eode (go)
  4. Willan = wolde (want)

Beon, to be. Don, to do. Gan, to go. Willan, to want. (waes, willan, dōn, būan.)

30
Q

What is concord? And why is it useful?

A

Agreement in gender, case, number or person between different sentence elements.

It is useful because it shows what parts of a sentence are connected.

31
Q

What are impersonal verbs?

A

Verbs without a subject/verbs that have ‘it’ as a placeholder subject (hit in OE).

32
Q

Why can the ending -um in adjectives be confusing?

A

Because it can represent both dative singular and plurals.

33
Q

Comparative adjectives and ordinal numbers (except ‘second ōðer) are…

A

Weak

34
Q

What is the function of an adverb?

A

Modify or describe a verb, adjective, another adverb, or entire sentence.

35
Q

Important adverbs and their meanings; ōer, ēac, siððan, pā, ac, for pām pe, oð pœt.

A
  1. ōer = before
  2. ēac = also
  3. siððan = afterwards
  4. pā = then
  5. ac = but
  6. for pām pe = because
  7. oð pœt = until
36
Q

Important adverbs and their meanings PART 2; pā, be, mid, of, wið, ymb(e)

A
  1. pā = when
  2. be = by near
  3. mid = with
  4. of = from
  5. wið = opposite, against
  6. ymb(e) = near, by
37
Q

How can adverbs be made in Old English?

A
  1. By adding -e, -lice, or -unga to the end of an existing noun or adjective.
  2. By adding cause endings to noun (eg. genitive or dative).
38
Q

Interrogative adverbs: hū, hwider, hwanon, hwōer, hwonne, hwŷ

A
  1. hū = how
  2. hwider = whither
  3. hwōer = where
  4. hwonne when
  5. hwŷ = why
39
Q

Pronunciation of /sc/

A

Pronounced as [ʃ], but within a word, surrounded by back vowels, it is pronounced [sk].

40
Q

Accentuation (stress)

A

All words are accented on the first syllable, except words beginning with ge-. These are stressed on the second syllable. Also, verbs with prefixes are accented on the next syllable after the prefix.

Philology 2 (22 decks)

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