English Language- General/ Idiolect > Grammar > Flashcards

Grammar Flashcards

(72 cards)

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1
Q

Pronoun

A

A word which is used rather than a noun (eg. he, she, they, it, myself, anyone, nothing, I, you)

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2
Q

Verb

A

A word which shows action (eg. dance, singing, running), that something is happening (eg. became, is) or state of being (eg. suspect, believe, likes)

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3
Q

Definite Article

A

Known identities

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4
Q

Indefinite Article

A

Unknown identities

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5
Q

Adjective

A

A word which describes attributes of another. Also known as modifiers (eg. happy, blue, little, lovely)

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6
Q

Noun

A

A word which refers to people, places or things (eg. Hereford, Emma, desk, pen)

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7
Q

Adverb

A

A word that modifies other adverbs, adjectives or verbs. Also known as modifiers (eg. just, softly, so, very)

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8
Q

Preposition

A

Tells you where/when something is in relation to something else. Man often indicate location (eg. on, amongst, in)

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9
Q

Idiolect

A

Our distinctive and individual style of speaking which is influenced by our personal and social identities

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10
Q

Copula Verb

A

Linking verbs, they are used to join an adjective or noun to the subject of the sentence. ‘Jane IS hungry’ - IS is the copula verb and hungry is the adjective.

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11
Q

Infinitive

A

Basic form of a verb. Infinitive phrases have the particle ‘to’ followed by the basic form of the verb (eg. To love)- to is the infinitive particle and love is the infinitive phrase.

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12
Q

Standard vs Non-Standard English

A

Standard English- the ‘correct’ form of the language.

Non-standard English- variants which aren’t deemed correct (eg. Should of instead of should have)

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13
Q

Minor Sentences/ Elliptical Sentences

A

Incomplete sentences that convey a meaning without a main verb (eg. Going to shop)

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14
Q

Contractions

A

Words abbreviated (eg, ain’t, shouldn’t)

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15
Q

Double Negative

A

Using two or more negative elements in a sentence (eg. He don’t know nothing)

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16
Q

Intensifiers

A

Modifiers used over/ underestimate something. We HIGH DEGREE INTENSIFIERS (eg. ‘really’, ‘very’) and LOW DEGREE INTENSIFIERS (eg. ‘quite’, ‘just’)

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17
Q

Modal auxiliary verbs

A

Verbs which assist the main verb of a sentence. There are 10: can, could, may, might, must, ought, shall, should, will, would

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18
Q

Grammar

A

The whole system and structure of language

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19
Q

Interrogatives

A

Sentences that ask questions (eg. Where are you going?)

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20
Q

Imperatives

A

Sentences that give authoritative commands or instructions (eg. Close the door)

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21
Q

Declaritives

A

Sentences that makes statements (eg. The cat is on the mat)

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22
Q

Simple Sentences

A

Built from one clause

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23
Q

Compound Sentences

A

Made up of two main clauses that are connected by a coordinating conjunction

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24
Q

Complex Sentences

A

Made up of a main clause and a subordinate clause that are connected by a subordinating conjunction

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25
Conditional Clauses
Clauses which begin with ‘if’ or ‘unless’ to create cause and effect (eg. If you are hungry, you should eat an apple)
26
First Person pronouns
Ones about self (eg. Singular- I, me / plural- us, we)
27
Second Person Pronouns
Ones about others (eg. Singular + plural- you, your)
28
Regular Verb
Follows standard rules of English grammar by adding ‘-ed’ / ‘-d’ to form the past tense & past participle (eg. Walk—> walked)
29
Irregular Verb
Does not follow standard rules of English grammar to form their past tense & past participle in a different way (Sing—> sung/sang ; run—> ran)
30
Genitive Pronouns
Aka possessive pronouns Show ownership (Eg. Mine, his, yours) His- genitive third person pronoun
31
Nominative Pronouns
Subject of verbs (Eg. She, he, you, we, I)
32
Accusative Pronouns
Objects (Eg. Me, you, him, her, us, them)
33
Indefinite Pronouns
Don’t refer to any specific persons or things (eg. Anyone, anything)
34
Mitigated Imperatives
Specifically disguised imperative, could be mitigated via a conditional clause/ tentative language (Eg. pass me the pen—> sorry if you don’t mind, could you pass me the pen)
35
Overt Prestige
Formal varieties of language (Pragmatics/ lexis/ grammar)
36
Covert Prestige
Informal varieties of language that often creates sociolect understanding (Pragmatics/ lexis/ grammar)
37
Interrogative pronouns
Pronouns that form questions (Eg. What, how, why, when, where)
38
Parentheticals
Verb phrases such as ‘I think’, ‘I guess’, ‘I know’ These alter semantics as strength of a sentence
39
Syntactic parallelism
Type of repetition among adjacent clauses/ sentences. (Eg. "I came, I saw, I conquered" (Julius Caesar))
40
Inclusive language
Language that involves the audience (Eg. All of US here know)
41
First person plural pronoun
This pronoun adds to the inclusive language Pronoun: we
42
Abstract nouns
Nouns that add loaded/ emotive content to persuasive texts Not physical- not associated with the senses (Eg. Loyalty, freedom, justice)
43
Demonstratives
Words like ‘this’, ‘that’ and ‘those’
44
Antecedent noun
The noun that the pronoun refers to (Adam —> him)
45
Sociolect
a variety of a language used by a particular social group: a social dialect.
46
Conjugation
How we form verbs Primary auxiliary verbs: be, do, have
47
Types of Modal Auxiliary Verbs
Dynamic Deontic Epistemic Boulomaic
48
Dynamic
Concerning the different degrees of ability Eg. I COULD swim when I was five.
49
Deontic
Concerning different degree of obligation and permission Eg. You MUST do that Power imbalance?? —> Fairclough Imperative language
50
Epistemic
Different levels of probability or possibility Eg. He MUST be about to arrive It MAY snow today Prediction Tentative—> thoughtful identity??
51
Boulomaic
Different degrees of volition (free will), desire, wish Eg. She WOULD rather stay home
52
Polysyndeton
Listing with lots of conjunctions Eg. ___and ____ and ____ and ____
53
Asyndeton/ Asyndetic listing
Listing without conjunctions
54
Absolute Adjective
Simpliest form of an adjective Eg. Great
55
Comparative Adjective
A comparing adjective Eg. Greater
56
Superlative Adjective
Adjectives at their most Eg. Greatest
57
Affixation
Using prefixes + suffixes to formulate words Eg. ‘Unhappiness’ —> un- prefix —> ness- suffix
58
Wh-imperatives
Imperatives masked in interrogatives to soften force of them Eg. Why don’t we go to the cinema?
59
Empty adjectives
Adjectives that express feelings Eg. Pretty, beautiful, amazing
60
Hypercorrect grammar
Using standard English
61
Reflexive pronouns
Reflexive pronouns are words ending in -self or -selves
62
Third person pronouns
used to refer to other people and things that are not being directly addressed eg. she, he, they, it
63
Ellipsis
often used to indicate hesitation, a long pause, or a sentence trailing off written with three dots '...'
64
Modifiers
words, phrases, and clauses that affect and often enhance the meaning of a sentences adjectives, adverbs
65
Dialect
Words and vocabulary choices that we use
66
Synthetic Personalisation
Addressing a mass audience as individuals through using inclusive language (proposed by Fairclough)
67
Epistemic modal tag
Speaker orientated Clarification/ checking tags Eg. The test is on Friday, RIGHT?
68
Challenging tags
Aka confrontational tags Speaker orientated Eg. I’ve told you time and time again, HAVENT I?
69
Softener tags
Mitigating tags Adressee oriented Eg. The red one, IF YOU ARE SURE?
70
Facilitative tags
Adding others into the conversation Eg.That was so good, WASNT IT
71
Directive sentences
Imperative tone in sentences provides command/ instruction Sometimes declaratives + interrogatives can act as directives Eg. Why don’t you close the door Eg. The door should be closed
72
Negative interrogatives
Implicature suggesting what someone knows or does Eg. Should you NOT check this first

English Language- General/ Idiolect (8 decks)

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