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Philology > Grammar > Flashcards

Grammar Flashcards

1
Q

Present participle in ME

A

Ends on -yng

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2
Q

When is a verb strong in ME?

A

When it has a stem vowel change in past tense.

Strong past participles might end in -en like in Dutch.

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3
Q

When is a verb weak in ME?

A

When it has a -t or -d suffix (even if it had a stemvowel change) in past tense

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4
Q

When is an adjective strong in ME?

A

Do not add -e. All adjectives add -e in the plural form. Can be modified by an indefinite article (a).

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5
Q

When is an adjective weak in ME?

A

Add -e after definite articles, genitives, and before nouns in the vocative case

Vocative case = direct address; “O blinde world!”)

All adjectives add -e in the plural form.

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6
Q

Long closed e

A

PDE words spekt either e or ee (he, see, speech, meet).

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7
Q

Long open e

A

PDE words spelt either like break, learned, or either words that contain ‘ea’ in PDE translation.

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8
Q

Long closed o

A

Look at the pronunciation in PDE; mood /u:/, good /hoef/, blood /^/.

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9
Q

Long open o

A

Words such as boat, goat, holy.

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10
Q

Demonstratives

A

That = that
Tho = those
This = this
Thise/these = these
Ilke/thilke = ‘the same’ but best translated as ‘that’
Yon = yonder
Hym = that (that Darys)

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11
Q

What is a context in which this/thise may be used by Chaucer?

A

Instances where the demonstrative is used to refer to a person/group who have not been previously mentioned.

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12
Q

Three noun inflexions in ME

A

-es and -s

Sometimes used -is and -ys

Plurals are formed by adding -z

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13
Q

When is it common to find nouns without inflexions?

A

After number

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14
Q

Mutated plural

A

Goose > geese
Foot > feet

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15
Q

Cases and their grammatical function

A

Nominative = subject
Accusative = direct object
Genitive = possessive (‘s)
Dative = indirect object

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16
Q

Monotransitive

A

Only a direct object in a sentence.

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17
Q

Direct object

A

Direct object and indirect in a sentence.

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18
Q

What is the subclass of weak verbs?

A

When you thinks verb is both weak and strong, it is weak. So if it ends in a dental suffix in both ways.

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19
Q

What kind of moods are there for verbs?

A
  1. Subjunctive mood
  2. Imperative mood
  3. Indicative mood
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20
Q

Subjunctive mood and inflexions

A

Used when expressing;
1. Doubt
2. Desire
3. Hypothetical situations (not necessarily real)

But also appears in subordinate clauses introduced by words such as; if, though, lest, whether.

Inflexions: base of the verb, similar to present tense, so a final -e or -en

21
Q

Imperative mood and inflexions

A

Used when;
1. Commands
2. Request
3. Offer advice
4. To address someone directly

Inflexions: uses whole form of the verb for affirmative commands, such as “love me!”. In plural, add -th.

22
Q

(Third person singular of the present) indicative mood

A
  1. He, she, it
  2. Verbs in third p. singular often end in -eth, -th, -es (loveth, maketh)

Facts!

23
Q

Dangerous

A

Difficult, aloof (distant)

24
Q

Therto

A

Moreover

25
Q

Er

A

Before

26
Q

How can the emphasis on the negative particle (ne…) be enlarged?

A

Through its position:
1. Before a verb
2. Adding stress through metre

27
Q

What is a phrasal verb?

A

A verb that consists of two elements
E.g. sit down, stand up

28
Q

Possible verb types in ME

A
  1. Strong: speken, spak
  2. Weak: kissen, kisste
  3. Irregular: be, was
29
Q

Possible cases in ME

A
  1. Nominative (Subject)
  2. Accusative (DO)
  3. Genitive (Possessive)
  4. Dative (IO)
30
Q

Possible verb forms in ME

A

Infinitive, participle

31
Q

When is ‘who’ used in Chaucer?

A

Only used as interrogative questions.

32
Q

What inflexions did Chaucer use for his adverbs?

A

-ly
-e
-liche(e)

33
Q

What functions does the discourse marker lo have in Chaucer’s language?

A

Used to draw attention to what’s going to be said next.

34
Q

Nam (negation)

A

Ne + am

Am not

35
Q

Nas (negation)

A

Ne + was

Was not

36
Q

Nyste (negation)

A

Ne + wiste

Knew not, did not know

37
Q

Nolde (negation)

A

Ne + Wolde

Would not, did not want to

38
Q

How are questions formed in ME compared to PDE?

A

ME questions are typically formed using a combination of word order, verb inflection and context. At times, the verb comes before the subject to indicate a question.

PDE relies on auxiliary verbs (“do”) and specific word order.

39
Q

Impersonal verb construction

A

Lacks a subject

40
Q

Most common word order in ME

A

S-O-V

But can also be
S-V
O-V-S
V-S-O

41
Q

Relative pronouns difference PDE and ME (who, which, that)

A

PDE
Who: humans
Which: inanimate objects
That: neutral, both humans and inanimate objects

ME
Who: only functions as interrogative pronoun
Which: both inanimate and animate objects (most common)
That: also for both

42
Q

Why is <-e> a problem when distinguishing a weak verb or an adverb?

A

It confuses whether a word is an adjective or adverb, so then look at context.

43
Q

When does the inversion of the subject and verb occur in ME? And which word class triggers inversion? Examples?

A

In questions, negation and negative sentences.

Adverbs trigger inversion, such as “thus” and “now”.

44
Q

-eth

A

Characteristic of the third person singular in the present tense (in ME).

45
Q

Infinitive / Participle

A

The infinitive is the base form of a verb with to. A participle is a verb that ends in -ing (present participle) or -ed, -d, -t, -en, -n (past participle).

46
Q

Parsing

A

Person, number, participle/infinitive, tense, mood, strong/weak/irregular

47
Q

Thou vs. ye

A

Thou: Informal pronoun, used in friendly relationships; Lord to servant, old to young. Expresses lack of respect, also used for addressing God because he is a friend!

Ye: Formal pronoun, to show respect, to keep distance, common pronoun between spouses. Used for and by Pagan gods.

48
Q

Linguistic variation

A

Coexistence of different spelling variants in the Chaucer’s London dialect, which was a result of massive immigration. Because of that, the London dialect was influenced by speech patterns, morphology and phonology from other regional dialects.
• Rhyming purposes
• Spelling variants can be used to fit rhyme pattern
• Typifying some characters (Reeve’s Tale)

49
Q

Direct object - indirect object

A

DO
Received action, effect of the verb. What or whom?

IO
For what or whom?

Philology (18 decks)

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