GRAMÁTICA PRACTICE Flashcards
what are the POSSESSIVE ADJECTIVES?
●Mi/s + noun
●Tu/s + noun
●Su/s + noun
●Nuestro/a/s + noun
●Vuestro/a/s + noun
●Su/s + noun
what are the POSSESSIVE PRONOUNS?
●Mio/a/s
●Tuyo/a/s
●Suyo/a/s
●Nuestro/a/s
●Vuestro/a/s
●Suyo/a/s
DEFINITE articles
(the): el/la/los/las
INDEFINITE articles
un/una/algunos
FEMININE ENDINGS (adj)
A/DAD/CIÓN/SIÓN
MASCULINE ENDINGS (adj)
O/AJE/ISTA/MA/OR
what must adjectives agree with?
●GENDER
●NUMBER
(-o for masc and -a for fem and -e for either gender)
how does a DEFINITE article change?
●if the noun is MASC/FEM
SINGULAR OR PLURAL
2 exam key words for either gender
●TESTIGO
●JUEZ
(usually la testigo/juez)
why is it EL AGUA for example?
●stress is on the first ‘a’ so the feminine noun needs a masculine definite article
why does it become LAS AGUAS?
●the plural ‘s’ separates the stress from the first ‘a’ so can become a feminine definite article
RULES FOR ADVERBS
- add a preposition to the adj.
e.g. aparentemente-> al paracer
-add ‘con’ with a noun e.g.
rapidAmente-> con rapidez - to change into an adverb you take adj. change to fem. ending ‘a’ and add ‘mente’ to the end = adverb
present IRREGULARS: radical changing
- e.g. volver, the ‘stress’ is on the ‘o’
so becomes: vuelvo, vuelves, vuelve, volvemos, volveis, vuelven
(the 1st, 2nd, 3rd, 6th CHANGE)
present IRREGULARS: 1st person irregulars
- e.g. conocer becomes conoZCo (only 1st person form changes
then the rest are: conoces, conoce, conocemos, conoceis, conocen
the COMPLETE IREGULARS
-SER: soy
-ESTOY: estoy
IR: voy
present IRREGULARS: ortographic changes
-dirigir -> dirijo
-elegir-> elijo
-fingir-> finjo
-distinguir -> distingo
-perseguir-> persigo
-surgir-> surjo
BTF (back2front) verb: MOLESTAR
to bother/annoy
BTF (back2front) verb: HORRORIZAR
to horrify/ to appall
BTF (back2front) verb:
HACER GRACIA
to be funny to someone/ to be amused
BTF (back2front) verb:
CAER BIEN/ MAL
to get on well/ badly WITH
BTF (back2front) verb:
DOLER
to hurt
BTF (back2front) verb:
IMPORTAR
to mind/ to care ABOUT
BTF (back2front) verb:
ENCANTAR
to like very much/ be delighted by
BTF (back2front) verb:
INTERESAR
to be interested IN
BTF (back2front) verb:
REPUGNAR
to disgust
BTF (back2front) verb:
QUEDAR
to remain/ to have something left
BTF (back2front) verb:
PREOCUPAR
to worry
BTF (back2front) verb:
PARECER
to seem/ it looks like
BTF (back2front) verb:
IRRITAR
to irritate
BTF (back2front) verb:
FASCINAR
to fascinate
BTF (back2front) verb:
CANSAR
to tire
BTF (back2front) verb:
CONVENIR
to suit
BTF (back2front) verb:
HACER FALTA [can’t use necesito!]
to need for a purpose/ to be necessary
what are the 4 RULES FOR BTF VERBS? (specific: GUSTAR)
•1- check for pronoun
e.g. mi/tu/le/nos/os/les
•2- endings for ONLY 3RD PERSON singular: he/she/it
or plural: they
•3- definite article (THE) :
el/la/los/las only IF there’s a noun
4- ♡ check to see if you have all 3 steps connecting them
what 3 things must must reflexive verbs need to have
●an infinitive
●an imperative
●an “ING” ending
REFLEXIVE verb: ABURRIR(SE)
to bore-> to be bored
REFLEXIVE verb: ACORDAR(SE) de
to agree-> to remember
REFLEXIVE verb: ACOSTAR(SE)
to put to bed-> to go to bed
REFLEXIVE verb: DESPEDIR(SE) de
to fire-> to say goodbye
REFLEXIVE verb: DORMIR(SE)
to sleep-> to fall asleep
REFLEXIVE verb: IR(SE)
to go-> to go away/ leave
REFLEXIVE verb: MORIR(SE)
to die abruptly e.g. accident
-> or to die of a natural cause
REFLEXIVE verb: NEGAR(SE) a
to deny-> to refuse
REFLEXIVE verb:PARECER(SE) a
to seem-> to resemble
REFLEXIVE verb: PONER(SE)
to put-> to put on
REFLEXIVE verb: PROBAR(SE)
to try/ to taste-> to try on
REFLEXIVE verb: QUITAR(SE)
to take away-> to take off
(SUMMARIES) how does present tense change from the “I” and “we” form?
[AR] o -> a
[ER/IR] o -> e
amos-> an
emos -> en
imos-> en
(SUMMARIES) how does the preterite tense change from the “I” and “we” form?
[AR] é -> ó
[ER/IR] í -> ío
amos -> aron
imos -> ieron [ER/IR]
(SUMMARIES) how does the imperfect tense change from the “I” and “we” form?
[AR] aba = aba (he/she/it) !!
[ER/IR] ía = ía (he/she/it) !!
ábamos -> aban
íamos -> ían
(SUMMARIES) how does the future tense change from the “I” and “we” form?
[AR/ER/IR] inf. + é -> + á
[AR/ER/IR] inf. + emos -> + án
(SUMMARIES) how does the present perfect tense change from the “I” and “we” form?
[AR/ER/IR] he -> ha
[AR/ER/IR] hemos -> han
(WITH ENDINGS + ado/ido depends on verb, but 1st part doesn’t change on AR/ER/IR)
(SUMMARIES) how do pronouns change from the “I” and “we” form?
me -> LE / SE (same person)
nos-> LES / SE (same person)
(SUMMARIES) how does the conditional tense change from the “I” and “we” form?
[AR/ER/IR] ía = ía (he/she/it) !!
[AR/ER/IR] íamos = ían
(SUMMARIES) how does ME alegrO change?
changes to SE alegrA
as both me and “o” of alegro are in the SAME first person form = both become he/she/it
(SUMMARIES) how does NOS desperAMOS change ?
changes to SE desperAN
as both nos and “amos” of “desperamos” are in the SAME 3rd person form = both become they form
(SUMMARIES) how does ME suponE change ?
changes to LE suponE
because me is in 1st person but suponE is in 3rd person (he/she/it) so are DIFFERENT
have to use LE instead so both are in 3rd person
(SUMMARIES) how does NOS gustA el español change ?
changes to LES gustA
because nos is in the we form and gustA is in the he/she/it form so have are DIFFERENT so have to use LES so it’s in they form and gustA agrees with the noun español
FUTURE IRREGULAR: caber (to fit)
changes to CABR+
FUTURE IRREGULAR: hacer (to do)
changes to HAR+
FUTURE IRREGULAR: decir (to say)
changes to DIR+
FUTURE IRREGULAR: poder (to be able to)
changes to PODR+
FUTURE IRREGULAR: querer (to want)
changes to QUERR+
FUTURE IRREGULAR: salir (to leave, to go out)
changes to SALDR+
FUTURE IRREGULAR: tener (to have)
changes to TENDR+
FUTURE IRREGULAR: venir (to come)
changes to VENDR+
FUTURE IRREGULAR: poner (to put)
changes to PONDR+
FUTURE IRREGULAR: valer (to be worth)
changes to VALDR+
FUTURE IRREGULAR: haber (to have)
changes to HABR+
FUTURE IRREGULAR: saber (to know)
changes to SABR+
