- add a preposition to the adj. e.g. aparentemente-> al paracer -add 'con' with a noun e.g. rapidAmente-> con rapidez - to change into an adverb you take adj. change to fem. ending 'a' and add 'mente' to the end = adverb

GRAMÁTICA PRACTICE Flashcards by Lara Tejada

what are the POSSESSIVE ADJECTIVES?

●Mi/s + noun
●Tu/s + noun
●Su/s + noun
●Nuestro/a/s + noun
●Vuestro/a/s + noun
●Su/s + noun

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what are the POSSESSIVE PRONOUNS?

●Mio/a/s
●Tuyo/a/s
●Suyo/a/s
●Nuestro/a/s
●Vuestro/a/s
●Suyo/a/s

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DEFINITE articles

(the): el/la/los/las

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INDEFINITE articles

un/una/algunos

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FEMININE ENDINGS (adj)

A/DAD/CIÓN/SIÓN

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MASCULINE ENDINGS (adj)

O/AJE/ISTA/MA/OR

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what must adjectives agree with?

●GENDER
●NUMBER
(-o for masc and -a for fem and -e for either gender)

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how does a DEFINITE article change?

●if the noun is MASC/FEM
SINGULAR OR PLURAL

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2 exam key words for either gender

●TESTIGO
●JUEZ
(usually la testigo/juez)

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why is it EL AGUA for example?

●stress is on the first ‘a’ so the feminine noun needs a masculine definite article

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why does it become LAS AGUAS?

●the plural ‘s’ separates the stress from the first ‘a’ so can become a feminine definite article

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RULES FOR ADVERBS

add a preposition to the adj.
e.g. aparentemente-> al paracer
-add ‘con’ with a noun e.g.
rapidAmente-> con rapidez
to change into an adverb you take adj. change to fem. ending ‘a’ and add ‘mente’ to the end = adverb

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present IRREGULARS: radical changing

e.g. volver, the ‘stress’ is on the ‘o’
so becomes: vuelvo, vuelves, vuelve, volvemos, volveis, vuelven
(the 1st, 2nd, 3rd, 6th CHANGE)

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present IRREGULARS: 1st person irregulars

e.g. conocer becomes conoZCo (only 1st person form changes
then the rest are: conoces, conoce, conocemos, conoceis, conocen

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the COMPLETE IREGULARS

-SER: soy
-ESTOY: estoy
IR: voy

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present IRREGULARS: ortographic changes

-dirigir -> dirijo
-elegir-> elijo
-fingir-> finjo
-distinguir -> distingo
-perseguir-> persigo
-surgir-> surjo

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BTF (back2front) verb: MOLESTAR

to bother/annoy

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BTF (back2front) verb: HORRORIZAR

to horrify/ to appall

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BTF (back2front) verb:
HACER GRACIA

to be funny to someone/ to be amused

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BTF (back2front) verb:
CAER BIEN/ MAL

to get on well/ badly WITH

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BTF (back2front) verb:
DOLER

to hurt

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BTF (back2front) verb:
IMPORTAR

to mind/ to care ABOUT

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BTF (back2front) verb:
ENCANTAR

to like very much/ be delighted by

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BTF (back2front) verb:
INTERESAR

to be interested IN

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BTF (back2front) verb: REPUGNAR

to disgust

BTF (back2front) verb: QUEDAR

to remain/ to have something left

BTF (back2front) verb: PREOCUPAR

to worry

BTF (back2front) verb: PARECER

to seem/ it looks like

BTF (back2front) verb: IRRITAR

to irritate

BTF (back2front) verb: FASCINAR

to fascinate

BTF (back2front) verb: CANSAR

to tire

BTF (back2front) verb: CONVENIR

to suit

BTF (back2front) verb: HACER FALTA [can't use necesito!]

to need for a purpose/ to be necessary

what are the 4 RULES FOR BTF VERBS? (specific: GUSTAR)

•1- check for pronoun e.g. mi/tu/le/nos/os/les •2- endings for ONLY 3RD PERSON singular: he/she/it or plural: they •3- definite article (THE) : el/la/los/las only IF there's a noun 4- ♡ check to see if you have all 3 steps connecting them

what 3 things must must reflexive verbs need to have

●an infinitive ●an imperative ●an "ING" ending

REFLEXIVE verb: ABURRIR(SE)

to bore-> to be bored

REFLEXIVE verb: ACORDAR(SE) de

to agree-> to remember

REFLEXIVE verb: ACOSTAR(SE)

to put to bed-> to go to bed

REFLEXIVE verb: DESPEDIR(SE) de

to fire-> to say goodbye

REFLEXIVE verb: DORMIR(SE)

to sleep-> to fall asleep

REFLEXIVE verb: IR(SE)

to go-> to go away/ leave

REFLEXIVE verb: MORIR(SE)

to die abruptly e.g. accident -> or to die of a natural cause

REFLEXIVE verb: NEGAR(SE) a

to deny-> to refuse

REFLEXIVE verb:PARECER(SE) a

to seem-> to resemble

REFLEXIVE verb: PONER(SE)

to put-> to put on

REFLEXIVE verb: PROBAR(SE)

to try/ to taste-> to try on

REFLEXIVE verb: QUITAR(SE)

to take away-> to take off

(SUMMARIES) how does present tense change from the "I" and "we" form?

[AR] o -> a [ER/IR] o -> e amos-> an emos -> en imos-> en

(SUMMARIES) how does the preterite tense change from the "I" and "we" form?

[AR] é -> ó [ER/IR] í -> ío amos -> aron imos -> ieron [ER/IR]

(SUMMARIES) how does the imperfect tense change from the "I" and "we" form?

[AR] aba = aba (he/she/it) !! [ER/IR] ía = ía (he/she/it) !! ábamos -> aban íamos -> ían

(SUMMARIES) how does the future tense change from the "I" and "we" form?

[AR/ER/IR] inf. + é -> + á [AR/ER/IR] inf. + emos -> + án

(SUMMARIES) how does the present perfect tense change from the "I" and "we" form?

[AR/ER/IR] he -> ha [AR/ER/IR] hemos -> han (WITH ENDINGS + ado/ido depends on verb, but 1st part doesn't change on AR/ER/IR)

(SUMMARIES) how do pronouns change from the "I" and "we" form?

me -> LE / SE (same person) nos-> LES / SE (same person)

(SUMMARIES) how does the conditional tense change from the "I" and "we" form?

[AR/ER/IR] ía = ía (he/she/it) !! [AR/ER/IR] íamos = ían

(SUMMARIES) how does ME alegrO change?

changes to SE alegrA as both me and "o" of alegro are in the SAME first person form = both become he/she/it

(SUMMARIES) how does NOS desperAMOS change ?

changes to SE desperAN as both nos and "amos" of "desperamos" are in the SAME 3rd person form = both become they form

(SUMMARIES) how does ME suponE change ?

changes to LE suponE because me is in 1st person but suponE is in 3rd person (he/she/it) so are DIFFERENT have to use LE instead so both are in 3rd person

(SUMMARIES) how does NOS gustA el español change ?

changes to LES gustA because nos is in the we form and gustA is in the he/she/it form so have are DIFFERENT so have to use LES so it's in they form and gustA agrees with the noun español

FUTURE IRREGULAR: caber (to fit)

changes to CABR+

FUTURE IRREGULAR: hacer (to do)

changes to HAR+

FUTURE IRREGULAR: decir (to say)

changes to DIR+

FUTURE IRREGULAR: poder (to be able to)

changes to PODR+

FUTURE IRREGULAR: querer (to want)

changes to QUERR+

FUTURE IRREGULAR: salir (to leave, to go out)

changes to SALDR+

FUTURE IRREGULAR: tener (to have)

changes to TENDR+

FUTURE IRREGULAR: venir (to come)

changes to VENDR+

FUTURE IRREGULAR: poner (to put)

changes to PONDR+

FUTURE IRREGULAR: valer (to be worth)

changes to VALDR+

FUTURE IRREGULAR: haber (to have)

changes to HABR+

FUTURE IRREGULAR: saber (to know)

changes to SABR+