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Microbiology Lecture Slides > Gram Positive Rods I > Flashcards

Gram Positive Rods I Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

What are the 4 major classes of Gram positive rods?

A

Corynebacteria, Bacillus, Listeria Monocytogenes, and Clostridium

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2
Q

What is an example of Corynebacteria?

A

C. Diptheriae

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3
Q

What are two examples of Bacillus?

A

Bacillus anthracis and Bacillus cereus

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4
Q

What are the four types of clostridium?

A

C. Perfringens, C. Botulinum, C tetani, and C. difficile

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5
Q

A patient presents with pain on swallowing and a heavy snoring inspiratory sound occurring in coma or deep sleep, sometimes due to obstruction of the larynx or upper airways. This is likely

A

Corynebacterium diphtheriae

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6
Q

Rare on account of wide vaccination

-Humans are the only reservoir

A

Diptheriae

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7
Q

Release an exotoxin composed of fragments A and B

A

Diptheriae

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8
Q

Facilitates delivery of A toxin to cell interior

A

B toxin

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9
Q

ADP-ribosylates the elongation factor EF-2

A

A toxin

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10
Q

ADP-R::EF-2 is then inactivated; peptide elongation stops, and the

A

Cell dies

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11
Q

Diptheriae toxin binds to host cell membrane proteins

A

CD-9 and Heparin-binding EGF

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12
Q

Causes infection of the throat and nasopharynx andcervical adenopathy

A

Diptheriae

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13
Q

With diptheriae, a dense gray debris layer of cell debris forms the

A

Pseudomembrane

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14
Q

Cardiac and neurologic toxicities can occur due to systemic toxin

A

Diptheriae

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15
Q

With diptheriae toxin, the cutaneous disease begins as erythematous pustule, which breaks down to form an ulcer covered with

A

Grey membrane

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16
Q

Which medium do we use for identification of diptheriae?

A

Tinsdale’s agar

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17
Q

Added to the Tinsdale’s agar to inhibit other flora

A

Potassium Tellurite

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18
Q

When cultured, diptheriae organisms produce

A

Black colonies with halos

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19
Q

Means “club-shaped”

A

Coryneform

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20
Q

A hyper-immune antiserum that neutralizes circulating toxin

A

Diptheria anti-toxin

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21
Q

10% of individuals inoculated against diptheria toxin get

A

Serum sickness

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22
Q

The diptheria A toxin targets

A

EF-2

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23
Q

Club-shaped, Gram (+); black on Tinsdale agar with potassium tellurite

A

Diptheria

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24
Q

A Gram stain showed pleomorphic short gram positive rods and coccobacilli, which exhibited a characteristic tumbling motility in hanging drop preparation. This is

A

Listeria monocytogenes

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25
Q

The only monocytogenes species that infects humans

  • usually food borne
  • especially poultry
A

Listeria monocytogenes

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26
Q

Phagocytosed listeria bacteria escape vacuole via a

A

Membrane-damaging toxin

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27
Q

Reorganizes actin to create filament tail, pushing the bacterium to allow contact with adjacent cells

A

Diptheria

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28
Q

What is the major virulence factor for listeria?

A

Listeriolysin O

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29
Q

Most common clinical manifestation is diarrhea w/ fever, N/V

A

Lysteria

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30
Q

Pregnant women infected with lysteria present with “flu-like” symptoms and then have a

A

Pre-term delivery

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31
Q

To identify lysteria, we use a blood agar. A positive test will show a small

A

B-hemolytic colony with blue-green sheen

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32
Q

Aerobic and facultatively aerobic; non-spore-forming

-Distinguished from streptococci by morphology, tumbling motility on LM in hanging drop and production of catalase

A

Lysteria

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33
Q

What is a characteristic of lysteria in a semi-solid nutrient agar?

A

Umbrella motility

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34
Q

How do we treat lysteria?

A

Ampicillin with a short course of gentamicin for synergy with a serious infection

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35
Q

Lysteria travels cell to cell via a

A

Host actin

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36
Q

Lysteria are characterized by tumbling motility and are

A

Catalase (+)

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37
Q

Self-limited diarrheal illness or lethal meningitis

A

Lysteria

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38
Q

Enzootic disease of world-wide occurrence (sheep, goats, etc)

-Transmitted to humans by contaminated dust or contact with animal products (wool-sorter’s disease)

A

Bacillus Anthracis

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39
Q

Has an anti-phagocytic capsule that is essential for full virulence

A

Bacillus anthracis

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40
Q

Produces 3 lethal exotoxins encoded by plasmids

A

Bacillus anthracis

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41
Q

Bacillus anthracis has an adenylate cyclase that increases cAMP. This is called the

A

Edema factor

42
Q

95% of human cases are cutaneous:painless, swollen pustule with black eschar= “malignant pustule”

A

Bacillus anthracis

43
Q

Can occur in 20% of people with bacillus anthracis

A

Sepsis

44
Q

Inhalation of bacillus anthracis spores can lead to

-100% mortality if not treated

A

Hemorrhagic lymphadenitis

45
Q

Blunt ended bacilli commonly in chains-“Bamboo”

-Form endospores-oval and centrally located; non-motile

A

Bacillus anthracis

46
Q

Blood agar culture of bacillus anthracis is non-hemolytic with

A

Comma shape

47
Q

Aerobically, bacillus anthracis are

A

Facultative or strictly aerobic

48
Q

One of the largest pathogenic bacteria

-Gram +’ve, rod shaped, non-motile and non acid-fast

A

Bacillus anthracis

49
Q

Which three medications can be used to treat cutaneous anthrax?

A

Doxycycline, ciproflaxin, and erythromycin

50
Q

Which two medications can be used for the inhalation of anthrax?

A

Ciproflaxin + Clindamycin

51
Q

Acquired via break in the skin or via inhalation (wool-sorters or weaponization)

A

Anthrax

52
Q

What are the two key words for anthrax?

A

Bamboo stick appearance and “Comma-shaped”

53
Q

Intoxication rather than infection

  • foodborne illness
  • emetic form associated with fried rice
A

Bacillus Cereus

54
Q

Anaerobic, gram positive rods

–Inhibited or damaged by oxygen

A

Clostridia

55
Q

Spore-forming and mostly motile

A

Clostridia

56
Q

Clostridia synthesizes potent exotoxins. What are three examples of these exotoxins?

A

Botulism, Tetanus, and Gas gangrene

57
Q

Characterized by crepitus, i.e. air in soft tissue

A

Clostridium perfringens

58
Q

Part of the normal flora of the large intestine, skin, and vagina

-Spores are found in the soil

A

Clostridium perfringens

59
Q

Secretes exotoxins, enterotoxins and hydrolytic enzymes

A

Clostridium perfringens

60
Q

α Toxin (phospholipase C) lyses ECs, WBCs, RBCs, and platelets are the

A

Exotoxins

61
Q

Affect intestinal function, alter the cell membrane, disrupt ion transport, and leads to loss of fluid and proteins

-heat resistant

A

Enterotoxin of Clostridium perfringens

62
Q

Occurs when spores are introduced to soft tissue; fermentation of tissue CHO yields gas and rapidly spreading infection

-from Perfringens infection

A

Myonecrosis

63
Q

Food poisoning: no fever; N/D abd pain 8-18H after eating; self-limited. These are symptoms of

A

Clostridium perfringens infection

64
Q

Clostridium perfringens can lead to a rare necrotizing bowel disease called

A

Enteritis necroticans

65
Q

Clostridial endometritis is a complication of incomplete abortion that can be caused by

A

Clostridium Perfringens infection

66
Q

Large,rod-shaped; non motile, gram + rods

A

Clostridium perfringens

67
Q

Clostridium perfringens is cultured anaerobically on blood agar.. It grows rapidly and has unique

A

Double zone hemolysis

68
Q

Early aggressive surgical treatment with debridement of devitalized tissue and hyperbaric oxygen therapy, are treatments for

A

Clostridium perfringens infection

69
Q

Piperacillin-tazobactamor ticaricillin-clavulanatePLUS clindamyin are also used to treat

A

Clostridium perfringens

70
Q

The minimum lethal dose of botulinum toxin is

A

0.0003 mcg/kg

71
Q

One gram of aerosolized botulinum toxin can kill

A

1.5 million people

72
Q

Found worldwide in soil and aquatic sediments -spores frequently contaminate vegetables and meat

A

Clostridium botulinum

73
Q

In a strictly anaerobic environment at neutral or basic pH, organisms germinates and exotoxin produced

A

Clostridium botulinum

74
Q

Human disease caused by types A, B and E producing neurotoxic exotoxin

A

Botulinum

75
Q

In botulinum, the toxin is cleaved in axon terminals and the light chain blocks

A

Acetylcholine release at synapse

76
Q

The botulinum toxin is active at

A

Motor neuron endplates

77
Q

What is the result of botulinum toxin?

A

Flaccid paralysis

78
Q

Classic presentation: food poisoning, difficulty focusing vision, swallowing (CN function), and shows no fever or sepsis

-Caused by TOXIN ONLY

A

Botulinum

79
Q

With botulinum infection, progressive paralysis leads to

A

Respiratory failure

80
Q

The most common form of botulinum infection in the US/

-colonization of the large intestine leading to constipation and lethargy

A

Infant botulism

81
Q

Characterized by the absence of fever and symmetric neurologic deficits

A

Botulism

82
Q

What are the three forms of symmetric neurologic deficits seen in botulism?

A

Cranial nerve palsy, descending weakness, and respiratory arrest

83
Q

Besides blurred vision, there are no sensory deficit associated with

A

Botulinism

84
Q

If isolated from food, stool, or a sterile site. We detect botulinum with a standard

A

Anaerobic identification

85
Q

Heptavalent (A-G) horse botulinum immune serum (BIG) or BabyBIG(human serum) are two forms of

A

Immediate anti-toxin

86
Q

Infection from botulinum never results in

A

Immunity

87
Q

Single gene product (tetanospasm) cleaved into A and B fragments

-B fragments delivers A chain to neuron cytoplasm

A

Tetanus

88
Q

Blocks neurotransmitter release at inhibitory synapsescausing severe prolonged muscle spasms

A

The “A” toxin

89
Q

The resulting symptoms from the A fragment are due to the A fragment blocking

A

GABA or Glycine release

90
Q

“A fragment” cleaves synaptobrevin which abolishes

A

Neurotransmitter release

91
Q

Has an incubation period from 4 days to several weeks

A

Tetanus

92
Q

Presents as spastic paralysis precipitated by

A

External stimulus

93
Q

Early stages of tetanus affect jaw muscles, which can result in

A

Lock Jaw

94
Q

C. Tetani has a characteristic morphology. What is it?

A

Racquet shaped bacillus

95
Q

Aggressive NOSOCOMIAL pathogen

-Greater than 500K cases per year; 60% health care associated

A

C. Difficile

96
Q

C. difficile bacteria are not

A

Invasive

97
Q

Produce Toxin A and Toxin B

A

C. Difficile

98
Q

C. difficile damages epithelial cells, producing

A

Pseudomembranes

99
Q

C. difficile toxins glucosylate and INACTIVATE

A

Rho family proteins

100
Q

Altered lower intestine flora, due to antimicrobial use, allows proliferation of

A

C. Difficile in the colon

Microbiology Lecture Slides (24 decks)

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