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Microbiology Lecture Slides > Global Issues in Diseases Related to Food and Water > Flashcards

Global Issues in Diseases Related to Food and Water Flashcards

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1
Q

Often implicated as the “proximate” cause of food shortage

A

Drought

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2
Q

Infant diarrhea post-weaning is a leading

A

Global health problem

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3
Q

Increases the risk of infant death from malnutrition

A

Early weaning

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4
Q

What is the simple treatment solution for the diarrhea problem?

A

Potable water, sanitation, teaching hygiene, and Rota virus immunization

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5
Q

Classified as mortality in the first year of life

A

Infant mortality

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6
Q

The most important cause of infant mortality in developing areas

A

Diarrhea

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7
Q

The most important infectious causes of diahrrea are, in approximate order of importance

A

Rotavirus, Shigella and Salmonella, enteropathogenic E. Coli

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8
Q

Two toxins that can cause bacterial food poisoning are from

-Onset within hours

A

Staph and Shiga

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9
Q

We can also see food poisoning from

-Onset within 1-5 days

A

Infectious colonization (E. Coli O157:H7)

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10
Q

The CDC estimates that the number one cause of food poisoning from bacterial infection is from

A

Norovirus

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11
Q

The most common cause of food poisoning that leads to death is from

A

Listeria

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12
Q

A boiling water canner does not kill

A

C. botulinum spores

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13
Q

However, we can eliminate spores while canning by using a

A

Pressure canner

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14
Q

Virtually eliminated in developed countries by 1950s but is common in areas without pasteurization

A

Bovine tuberculosis

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15
Q

Widely implemented in US mainly to kill bovine TB organism

A

Pasteurization

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16
Q

The sale of raw milk in stores is legal in

A

13 states

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17
Q

Syndrome of Gasteroenteritis with fever, Bacteremia (sepsis), Meningitis, Pregnancy complications & Fetal death

A

Listeriosis (Listeria monocytogenes)

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18
Q

The incidence rate of listeriosis is

A

0.3 cases per 100,000

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19
Q

A major source of listeriosis outbreaks is

A

Hummus

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20
Q

Halophilic and is naturally present in warm sea water

A

Vibrio vulnificus

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21
Q

Uncommon but also under-reported

A

V. vulnificus

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22
Q

Only About 100 -200 cases per year

-BUT UP TO 37% case fatality rate

A

Vibrio vulnificus

23
Q

The main route for vibrio vulnificus, i.e. vibriosis infection is

A

Raw seafood

24
Q

There is no person to person transmission of

A

Vibriosis

25
Q

The latency of salmonella is

A

12-72 hours

26
Q

About 20 million CASES AND 200,000 DEATHS PER YEAR

A

Salmonella enterica (serotype Typhi)

27
Q

Secretes a toxin that causes severe gastroenteritis

A

Vibrio cholera

28
Q

Characterized by rapid water loss, dehydration, and rice-water stools

A

Vibrio cholera

29
Q

A food handler with staph infection of fingers can contaminate food with enterotoxin-producing

A

Staph

30
Q

Is heat stable

A

Staph enterotoxin

31
Q

Causes approximately 20 deaths/yr in the US

A

E. Coli (O157:H7)

32
Q

Hemolytic anemia, acute renal failure (uremia), and low platelet count following bloody diarrhea caused by E. Coli O157

A

Hemolytic-uremic syndrome

33
Q

Infection with E. Coli O157 leads to endothelial damage from

A

Shiga-like toxin

34
Q

Polio transmission most often through contact with

A

Infected stool

35
Q

Wild polio virus occurs in sewage contaminated

A

Water

36
Q

The most common cause of severe, dehydrating diarrhea among children worldwide

-Double-stranded RNA virus

A

Rotavirus

37
Q

Infects via the fecal-oral route

A

Rotavirus

38
Q

Since 2006, there has been a 50% reduction in diarrheal deaths in children <5 year related to

A

Rota vaccine

39
Q

A single-stranded RNA virus with no envelope

-Incubation 1-2 days/duration 1-3 days

A

Noroviruses

40
Q

A fomite because it can survive ex vivo for 2 weeks

A

Norovirus

41
Q

CDC estimates > 21 million cases of acute gastroenteritis each year are due to

A

Norovirus infection

42
Q

Common Source Exposures –Restaurants and catered meals (36%)
–nursing homes (23%)
–schools (13%)
–vacation settings or cruise ships (10%).

A

Norovirus

43
Q

Shellfish in contaminated waters are main concern for

-also infects via the fecal-oral route

A

Hepatitis A

44
Q

A vulnerable population for hep A is the

A

Homeless

45
Q

Which two parasites cause acute gastroenteritis?

A

Giardia and amoeba

46
Q

An example of a tropical disease greatly reduced by public health interventions

-Found in the drinking water in Africa

A

Dracunculiasis: Dracunculus medinensis

47
Q

Traditional removal of a Guinea worm consists of winding the worm around a piece of gauze or small stick and

A

Manually extracting it

48
Q

There is no vaccine and no effective drugs for

A

Dracunculiasis

49
Q

What is a problematic pesticide in California watermelons

A

Temik

50
Q

Minamata disease is the result of

A

Methylmercury poisoning

51
Q

The best compromise of high PUFA and low methylmercury

A

Salmon

52
Q

There have also been cases of endocrine disrupting chemicals in

A

Water

53
Q

What is an example of an endocrine disruptor?

A

Bisphenol A

54
Q

The food-disparagement laws grew out of a 1989 CBS-TV “60 Minutes” report on the pesticide

-Used to ripen apples

A

ALAR

Microbiology Lecture Slides (24 decks)

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