Global Issues in Diseases Related to Food and Water Flashcards
Often implicated as the “proximate” cause of food shortage
Drought
Infant diarrhea post-weaning is a leading
Global health problem
Increases the risk of infant death from malnutrition
Early weaning
What is the simple treatment solution for the diarrhea problem?
Potable water, sanitation, teaching hygiene, and Rota virus immunization
Classified as mortality in the first year of life
Infant mortality
The most important cause of infant mortality in developing areas
Diarrhea
The most important infectious causes of diahrrea are, in approximate order of importance
Rotavirus, Shigella and Salmonella, enteropathogenic E. Coli
Two toxins that can cause bacterial food poisoning are from
-Onset within hours
Staph and Shiga
We can also see food poisoning from
-Onset within 1-5 days
Infectious colonization (E. Coli O157:H7)
The CDC estimates that the number one cause of food poisoning from bacterial infection is from
Norovirus
The most common cause of food poisoning that leads to death is from
Listeria
A boiling water canner does not kill
C. botulinum spores
However, we can eliminate spores while canning by using a
Pressure canner
Virtually eliminated in developed countries by 1950s but is common in areas without pasteurization
Bovine tuberculosis
Widely implemented in US mainly to kill bovine TB organism
Pasteurization
The sale of raw milk in stores is legal in
13 states
Syndrome of Gasteroenteritis with fever, Bacteremia (sepsis), Meningitis, Pregnancy complications & Fetal death
Listeriosis (Listeria monocytogenes)
The incidence rate of listeriosis is
0.3 cases per 100,000
A major source of listeriosis outbreaks is
Hummus
Halophilic and is naturally present in warm sea water
Vibrio vulnificus
Uncommon but also under-reported
V. vulnificus
Only About 100 -200 cases per year
-BUT UP TO 37% case fatality rate
Vibrio vulnificus
The main route for vibrio vulnificus, i.e. vibriosis infection is
Raw seafood
There is no person to person transmission of
Vibriosis
The latency of salmonella is
12-72 hours
About 20 million CASES AND 200,000 DEATHS PER YEAR
Salmonella enterica (serotype Typhi)
Secretes a toxin that causes severe gastroenteritis
Vibrio cholera
Characterized by rapid water loss, dehydration, and rice-water stools
Vibrio cholera
A food handler with staph infection of fingers can contaminate food with enterotoxin-producing
Staph
Is heat stable
Staph enterotoxin
Causes approximately 20 deaths/yr in the US
E. Coli (O157:H7)
Hemolytic anemia, acute renal failure (uremia), and low platelet count following bloody diarrhea caused by E. Coli O157
Hemolytic-uremic syndrome
Infection with E. Coli O157 leads to endothelial damage from
Shiga-like toxin
Polio transmission most often through contact with
Infected stool
Wild polio virus occurs in sewage contaminated
Water
The most common cause of severe, dehydrating diarrhea among children worldwide
-Double-stranded RNA virus
Rotavirus
Infects via the fecal-oral route
Rotavirus
Since 2006, there has been a 50% reduction in diarrheal deaths in children <5 year related to
Rota vaccine
A single-stranded RNA virus with no envelope
-Incubation 1-2 days/duration 1-3 days
Noroviruses
A fomite because it can survive ex vivo for 2 weeks
Norovirus
CDC estimates > 21 million cases of acute gastroenteritis each year are due to
Norovirus infection
Common Source Exposures –Restaurants and catered meals (36%)
–nursing homes (23%)
–schools (13%)
–vacation settings or cruise ships (10%).
Norovirus
Shellfish in contaminated waters are main concern for
-also infects via the fecal-oral route
Hepatitis A
A vulnerable population for hep A is the
Homeless
Which two parasites cause acute gastroenteritis?
Giardia and amoeba
An example of a tropical disease greatly reduced by public health interventions
-Found in the drinking water in Africa
Dracunculiasis: Dracunculus medinensis
Traditional removal of a Guinea worm consists of winding the worm around a piece of gauze or small stick and
Manually extracting it
There is no vaccine and no effective drugs for
Dracunculiasis
What is a problematic pesticide in California watermelons
Temik
Minamata disease is the result of
Methylmercury poisoning
The best compromise of high PUFA and low methylmercury
Salmon
There have also been cases of endocrine disrupting chemicals in
Water
What is an example of an endocrine disruptor?
Bisphenol A
The food-disparagement laws grew out of a 1989 CBS-TV “60 Minutes” report on the pesticide
-Used to ripen apples
ALAR
