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NPLEX - Microbiology and Immunology > Gram positive endospore forming rods > Flashcards

Gram positive endospore forming rods Flashcards

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1
Q

Identify the relevant risk factors associated with Clostridium botulinum.

A

improperly reheated food

honey given to infants

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2
Q

An infant eats honey and becomes flaccid. Organism? Mechanism?

A

Clostridium botulinum

inhibited release of ACh

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3
Q

Name the bacteria associated with food poisoning from reheating meat dishes.

A

C. perfringens

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4
Q

What is the major reservoir for Clostridium difficile?

A

4% of general population are carriers

ubiquitous in hospitals

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5
Q

Identify the major virulence/toxicity factors associated with Bacillus anthracis.

A

exotoxin

antiphagocytic polypeptide capsule

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6
Q

How is Bacillus anthracis transmitted?

A

spores in infected animals or animal products (furs, bones, etc.) can contaminate wounds or mucous membranes or be ingested or inhaled

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7
Q

T/F: C. perfringens produces alpha-toxin, a globulin that causes myonecrosis, gas gangrene, and hemolysis.

A

false

alpha-toxin is a lecithinase

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8
Q

What is pathognomonic or the most common association with Clostridium difficile?

A

extremely antibiotic resistant

1/3 of all diarrhea in patients who are taking antibiotics are caused by this organism

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9
Q

Identify the major virulence/toxicity factors associated with Bacillus cereus.

A

spores not killed by boiling

emetic toxin

diarrheal toxin

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10
Q

What is the major reservoir for Clostridium botulinum?

A

soil, pond, lake sediments

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11
Q

What procedures or lab findings are useful to help diagnose Clostridium difficile?

A

endoscopy

detection of toxins in stool

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12
Q

What is the morphology of Bacillus cereus?

A

endospore forming rod

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13
Q

How does Bacillus anthracis gram stain?

A

positive

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14
Q

How does Bacillus cereus gram stain?

A

positive

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15
Q

What lab findings are useful to help diagnose Clostridium perfringens?

A

gram + rod

double zone of hemolysis on blood agar (anaerobic conditions)

lecithinase +

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16
Q

Identify the major virulence/toxicity factors associated with Clostridium botulinum.

A

seven distinct neurotoxins which prevents release of ACh, resulting in flaccid paralysis

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17
Q

Identify relevant epidemiology and risk factors associated with Clostridium difficile.

A

dysbiosis following antibiotic therapy

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18
Q

What is the morphology of Clostridium difficile?

A

endospore forming rod

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19
Q

What lab findings are useful to help diagnose Clostridium tetani?

A

organisms are not cultured and the exotoxin is extremely potent at very low doses

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20
Q

What lab findings are useful to help diagnose Bacillus anthracis?

A

large, boxcar like, spore-forming rods

gram +

aerobic

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21
Q

Identify the major virulence/toxicity factors associated with Clostridium tetani.

A

the potent exotoxin tetanospasmin blocks GABA and glycine release in CNS leading to spastic paralysis and death

22
Q

What lab findings are useful to help diagnose Clostridium botulinum?

A

since the toxin creates disease and not the organism, lab tests are impractical

23
Q

What are the clinical manifestations of Clostridium tetani?

A

tetanus - spastic paralysis days to weeks after initial exposure with the masseter muscle often the first to show symptoms

24
Q

Describe the characteristic lesion of anthrax.

A

black skin lesions - vesicular papules covered by black eschar

25
Q

How is Clostridium tetani transmitted?

A

through a penetrating injury, often a nail or a needle

26
Q

How does Clostridium tetani gram stain?

A

+

27
Q

Name the bacteria associated with food poisoning from improperly canned food.

A

C. botulinum

28
Q

What causes pseudomembranous colitis?

A

cytotoxin, an alpha toxin produced by C. difficile, usually after antibiotic use

29
Q

What are the clinical manifestations of Clostridium botulinum?

A

botulism - nausea, cramps, vomiting and diarrhea or constipation 18-36 hrs after ingestion

descending flaccid paralysis begins in head, can result in respiratory failure if it reaches lungs

30
Q

What is the major reservoir for Clostridium perfringens?

A

spores are found in soil, air, and water

31
Q

What are the clinical manifestations of Clostridium difficile?

A

antibiotic associated diarrhea - usually self-limiting

pseudomembranous colitis - hemorrhagic diarrhea, colitis, pseudomembrane

32
Q

What is the pathognomonic association with Bacillus cereus?

A

symptoms of food poisoning following ingestion of reheated rice

33
Q

What are the clinical manifestations of Clostridium perfringens?

A

gas gangrene

food poisoning (nausea, abd. pain, diarrhea, vomiting/fever rare) 8-24 hrs after eating w/ recovery after 24 hrs

34
Q

Identify the major virulence/toxicity factors associated with Clostridium difficile.

A

toxin A is cholera-like enterotoxin

toxin B is a diptheria-like cytotoxin

35
Q

How is Bacillus cereus transmitted?

A

eating spore contaminated food

36
Q

How does Clostridium botulinum gram stain?

A

+

37
Q

What is the morphology of Clostridium botulinum?

A

endospore forming rod

38
Q

What are the clinical manifestations of Bacillus anthracis?

A

cutaneous, pulmonary, and gastroenteric anthrax

39
Q

What is the morphology of Clostridium tetani? What real world object do they resemble?

A

endospore forming rod

“tennis racket” appearance

40
Q

What are the clinical manifestations of Bacillus cereus?

A

if toxin pre-formed before ingestion, Staph. aureus like food poisoning

if spores ingested C. perfringens like food poisoning

41
Q

What is the morphology of Clostridium perfringens?

A

endospore forming rod

42
Q

What is the major reservoir for Clostridium tetani?

A

soil

43
Q

What are the major reservoirs for Bacillus anthracis?

A

animals, animal skin, fur products, soils

44
Q

What is the morphology of Bacillus anthracis?

A

endospore forming rod

45
Q

How is Clostridium perfringens transmitted?

A

ingestion of contaminated food

46
Q

What is the major reservoir for Bacillus cereus?

A

found widely in nature

47
Q

How does Clostridium perfringens gram stain?

A

+

48
Q

Identify the major virulence/toxicity factors associated with Clostridium perfringens.

A

enterotoxin acts on small intestine

lecithinase can destroy virtually any cell of the body it comes across

other enzymes ferment muscle tissue, producing gas crepitations

49
Q

How does Clostridium difficile gram stain?

A

+

50
Q

How is Clostridium botulinum transmitted?

A

ingested, absorbed through the gut and carried by blood to peripheral nerves

NPLEX - Microbiology and Immunology (18 decks)

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