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NPLEX - Microbiology and Immunology > Fungi > Flashcards

Fungi Flashcards

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1
Q

Identify the major virulence/toxicity factors associated with Penicillium. (1)

A

fungal spores have mycotoxins

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2
Q

Describe a typical Tinea lesion. (2)

A

pruritic lesion with central clearing resembling a ring.

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3
Q

What is the presentation of Blastomyces dermatiditis infection? (3)

A

gilchrist’s disease (blastomycosis)-mild infection in the lungs followed by ucerative granulomas of the skin or bone if infection becomes disseminated.

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4
Q

How are coccidioldomycosis and histoplasmosis transmitted?

A

inhalation of asexual spores

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5
Q

What is the morphology of C. albicans in culture at 37 degrees C?

A

germ tubes

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6
Q

What lab findings are useful to help diagnose Histoplasma capsulatum? (2)

A

chest x-ray shows ‘millet seed’ pattern; Hyphae visible if cultured on Sabouraud’s agar.

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7
Q

What lab findings are useful to help diagnose Pneumoncystis carinii? (2)

A

organism seen in microscopic examination of lung tissue or lavage; sputum cultures negative

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8
Q

What is the morphology of Aspergillus fumigatus?

A

mold with septate hyphae that branch at a V-shaped (45 degree) angle

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9
Q

What is the morphology of Rhizopus?

A

white ‘cotton candy’ colonies that turn brown with age

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10
Q

Is Cryptocuccus neoformans domorphic?

A

no

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11
Q

How is Coccidiodes immitis transmitted?

A

inhaled as spores

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12
Q

What predisposes to disease with Pneumocystis carinii?

A

most infections asymptomatic. Immunosupression (e.g., AIDS) predisposes to disease.

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13
Q

What regions are associaed with Histoplasma capsulatum? (2)

A

endemic to Ohio and Mississippi river valleys

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14
Q

How is Histoplasmosis capsulatum transmitted?

A

bird or bat droppings

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15
Q

What are the clinical manifestations of Cladosporium? (2)

A

allergic reactions to spores. Opportunistic lung infections possible in immunocompromised patients.

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16
Q

What are the clinical manifestations of Alternaria?

A

allergic reactions and hypersensitivity pneumonitis to spores

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17
Q

What disease does Pneumocystis carinii cause?

A

causes pneumonia (PCP)

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18
Q

What is ‘most common’ associated with Cladosporium?

A

maybe the most common source of indoor and outdoor spores.

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19
Q

What is the morphology of C. albicans in culture at 20 deg C?

A

budding yeast with pseudohyphae

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20
Q

Identify the major at risk population associated with Pneumoncystis carinii.

A

aIDS and other immunosupressed patients

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21
Q

Identify relevant epidemiology and risk factors associated with Candida albicans. (2)

A

aIDS, diabetes mellitus

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22
Q

What is the morphology of Stachybotris?

A

black slimy mold

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23
Q

What is the morphology of Histoplasma capsulatum?

A

dimorphic fungus (yeast/mold)

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24
Q

What are the clnical manifestations of Cryptococcus neoformans? (2)

A

only causes diseases in immunocompromised. Meningitis insidious presentation-occasional headache, irritability, difficult cognition, mild fever. Relapse common.

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25
Q

Is Aspergilius fumiatus dimorphic?

A

no

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26
Q

What are the clinical manifestations of Aspergillus? (5)

A

ottitis externa; fungal sinusitis; allergic bronchopulmonary aspergillosis; fungus ball; sepsis

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27
Q

What type of budding patter is seen in Cryptococcus neoformans?

A

narrow-based unequal budding

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28
Q

What are the clinical manifestations of Pullalaria?

A

allergic reaction to spores

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29
Q

What are the clinical manifestations of Tinea?(3)

A

ringworm-pruritic papules, broken hair, thick broken nails

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30
Q

Describe the morphology of Blastomyces dermatiditis as revealed by KOH prep.

A

kOH preparation shows round double refractive wall with single broad-based budding yeast.

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31
Q

What special lab test does the capsule of Cryptocuccus neoformans permit?

A

latex agglutination test detects polysaccharide capsular antigen

32
Q

What disease does C. albicans cause in immunocompromised patients?

A

Oral thrush in throat (neonates, steroids, diabetes, AIDS)

33
Q

What is the morphology of Cryptococcus neoformans?

A

heavily encapsulated yeast

34
Q

What lab findings are useful to help diagnose Cryptococcus neoformans? (6)

A

urease positive; encapsulated; spinal tap reveals pleocyosis, increased lymphocytes, low glucose, and organism that can be cultured.

35
Q

Cryptococcus neoformans stains best with which substance?

A

india ink

36
Q

What disease does C. albicans cause in babies?

A

diaper rash

37
Q

What region is associated with Coccidioides immitis?

A

endemic in the southwest US

38
Q

Is C. albicans, infection local, systemic, or both?

A

both

39
Q

What class of organism is Pneumocystis carinii?

A

yeast (originally classified as protozoan)

40
Q

What are the clinical manifestations of Candida albicans? (3)

A

thrush-white patches on red base can be scraped off. Candidal vaginitis-erythema, white discharge, itching and burning. Red patches with satellite pustules. Chronic mucocutaneous candidiasis-multiple red, pustular or thick lesions, esp on face.

41
Q

What are the clinical manifestations of Penicillium?

A

allergy (spores); penicilliosis (in AIDS)

42
Q

What do you culture Cryptococcus neoformans on?

A

culture on Sabouraud’s agar

43
Q

What lab findings are useful to help diagnose Coccidioides immitis? (3)

A

tissue and sputum samples show spherules; XCR shows coin-shaped lesions; Serum will show specific antibodies

44
Q

Why is the disease caused by Coccidioidomycosis called valley fever?

A

common in the San Joaquin Valley

45
Q

What are the clinical manifestations of Mucor species? (2)

A

allergic reaction (spores); opportunistic infections of skin, sinuses in immunocompromised patients.

46
Q

Is H. capsulatum found intracellularly or extracellularly?

A

intracellular (frequently seen inside macrophages)

47
Q

Identify the major virulence/toxicity factors associated with Stachybotris. (1)

A

produces a toxin that can cause pulmonary hemorrhage if inhaled.

48
Q

What is the morphology of Mucor sp/? (2)

A

mold with irregular non-septate hyphae branching at wide angles (>90 deg). Large fluffy white colonies that turn gray or brown age.

49
Q

Other than thrush and vulvovaginitis, what other diseases can Candida albicans cause? (2)

A

disseminated candidiasis (to any organ) and chronic mucocutaneous candidiasis.

50
Q

Describe the symptoms of Coccidioides immitis infection. (7)

A

coccidioidomycosis (San Joaquin valley fever)-fever, cough, chest pain, sore throat, hemoptysis. In some patients, conjunctivitis, arthritis, erythema nodosum.

51
Q

What immune modifying diseases are most commonly associated wit infection with Mucor sp? (2)

A

ketoacidotic diabetics, leukemic patients

52
Q

Identify the major virulence/toxicity factors associated with Histoplasma capsulaturm. (1)

A

Macrophages eat spores which then bud into yeast intracellularly are transported all over the body.

53
Q

How is a stain of Pneumocystis carinii prepared?

A

silver stain of lung tissue

54
Q

What is the morphology of Alternaria?

A

dark green to brown ‘velvet’ colonies

55
Q

How does Candida albicans gram stain?

A

positive

56
Q

How is Histoplasma capsulatum transmitted?

A

spores inhaled with dust

57
Q

What is the major reservoir for Pneumoncystis carinii?

A

ubiquitous in the environment

58
Q

What is the major reservoir for Cryptococcus neoformans?

A

soil

59
Q

How is superficial fungal infections transmitted?

A

direct contact with other infected individuals

60
Q

What are the clinical manifestations of Stachybotris? (4)

A

nosebleeds, cough, chest congestion, may lead to infection and pulmonary hemorrhage.

61
Q

How is Pneumocystis carinii transmitted?

A

inhaled

62
Q

What is the morphology of Pullalaria?

A

white-pink colonies turn black as they age

63
Q

Which pulmonary disease is caused by Aspergillus fumigatus?

A

lung cavity aspergilloma (fungus ball)

64
Q

How is Cryptococcus neoformans transmitted?

A

inhalation of bird droppings (especially pigeon)

65
Q

Which peptide-containing media is useful for culturing fungi?

A

sabouraud’s agar

66
Q

Identify the main risk factor associated with Cryptococcus neoformans.

A

immunosupressed individual

67
Q

What are the morphologies of Coccidoides immitis? (2)

A

mold in soil and spherule in tissues

68
Q

What is the morphology of Cladosporium?

A

colonies are powdery, black, brown or dark green.

69
Q

What are the major reservoirs for Histoplasma capsulatum? (2)

A

soil (mold form), animal tissues (yeast form).

70
Q

Are most fungal spores sexual or asexual?

A

asexual

71
Q

What lab findings are useful to help diagnose Tinea? (2)

A

hypae can be seen in skin scraping treated with 10% KOH; will fluoresce under UV light (wood’s lamp)

72
Q

What disease does C. albicans cause in IV drug users?

A

endocarditis

73
Q

What are the clinical manifestations of Histoplasma capsulatum? (5)

A

histoplasmosis-upper respiratory tract infection may progress to pneumonia with progressive cough, night sweats, weight loss (compare TB). Also painless oral ulcers, hepatosplenomegaly and lymphadenopathy.

74
Q

What are the clinical manifesations of Rhizopus?

A

allergy (spores)

75
Q

What regions are associated with Blastomyces dermatiditis? (2)

A

found in the Mississippi river valley and parts of Africa

76
Q

What is the major risk factor associated with cladospourium?

A

old, wet buildings

77
Q

Identify relevant epidemiology and risk factors associated with Stachybotris. (2)

A

infants. cigarette smoke

NPLEX - Microbiology and Immunology (18 decks)

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