gram positive

Question 1

give an example of gram positive cluster and chain cocci

Answer 1

chains - streptococci

clusters - staphylococci

Question 2

what are the 3 types of gram +ve cocci?

state if theyre aeorbic or anaeorobic

Answer 2

staphylococci - aeorbic and clusters

streptococci- aerobic and chains

enterococci- aeorbic but non-haemolytic

Question 3

what are the two subtypes of streptococci?

Answer 3

alpha haemolytic and beta haemolytic

Question 3

what culture is used to distinguish between alpha-haemolytic and beta-haemolytic ?

Answer 3

blood agar is used

Question 4

what colour does alpha and beta haemolytic turn once in agar?

Answer 4

alpha- goes green

beta - goes clear

Question 5

give an example of alpha-haemolytic & what it causes

Answer 5

streptococci pneumoniae causes miningitis or pneumonia

Question 6

what are beta-haemolytic further dived into?

Answer 6

divided according to its carbohydrate

further dived into groups A-G

Question 7

which groups in beta-haemolytic are the most clinically significant

Answer 7

A,B and D

Question 8

Name a Group A beta-haemolytic streptococci and what it causes

Answer 8

streptococcus pyogenes

causes sore throat and cellulitis.

Question 9

what is special about group D beta-haemolytic streptococci and what are they known as ?

Answer 9

theyre are non-haemolytic known as enterococci

Question 10

state the main types of enterococci

Answer 10

entrococcus faecalis and entrococcus faecium

Question 11

what are the subtypes for staphylococci

Answer 11

coagulase positive and coagulase negative

Question 12

What is the main couagulase positive stahpylococci?

Answer 12

staphylococcus aureus
it is a major human pathogen

Question 13

what is staphylococci aureus divided into?

Answer 13

MRSA( methicillian resistant) or MSSA (meth sensitive )

Question 14

why is staphylococci aureus resistant to penicillian?

Answer 14

beta-lactamase causes penicillian resistance

Question 15

where does staphylococcus aureus live /commense ?

Answer 15

in our nose, throat

Question 16

where is coagulase negative staphylococcus ?

Answer 16

in the skin

Question 17

name 3 types of anaorobic gram positive bacilli

Answer 17

clostridrium difficile
clostridium perfringens
clostridium tetani

Question 18

give example of the clinically significant gram positive bacilli

Answer 18

clostridium difficile

Question 19

can clostridium difficile be cultured ?

Answer 19

yes but it is very difficult to do so

Question 20

What does clostridium difficile infection cause?

Answer 20

diarrhoea

Question 21

How is a clostridium difficile infection detected?

Answer 21

in stool sample

Question 22

are clostridium difficile , perfringens and tetani aerobic or anerobic ?

Answer 22

anaeorboic bacalli

Question 23

how does clostridum difficile spread?

Answer 23

via the air and mainly in hospitals

Question 24

what does clostridium perfringens causes?

Answer 24

food poisoning in food
gas gangrene in wounds

Question 25

what does clostridium tetani cause ?

Answer 25

causes tetanus by releasing toxins which inhibit nerve synapses

Question 26

How is clostridium tetani vaccinated against?

Answer 26

by using an antigenitcally modified toxin