anti mirco chemotherapy

Question 1

what do the terms ‘sensitive’ and ‘resistant’ in terms of micro-organisms and antibiotics

Answer 1

-if the organism is killed or inhibited by an antibiotic it is said to be sensitive

-if the organism is not killed or inhibited by the antibiotic it is said to be resistant

Question 2

what is the difference between bactericidals & bacteriostatics

Answer 2

theyre antimicrobials that kill bacteria

bacteriostatics are antimicrobials that inhibit bacteria growth

Question 3

what is meant by MBC in terms of bactericidals

Answer 3

minimum bactericidal concentration required to kill bacteria

Question 4

what is MIC in terms of bacteriostatic

Answer 4

minimum inhibitory concentration required to inhibit bacteria growth

Question 5

name & describe 3 ways in which antibiotics may be delivered

Answer 5

topical - applied to surface i.e skin

systemic -taken orally

parenteral - via intra-venously or intra-musculary

Question 6

name 3 groups of bactericidal antibiotics that inhibit cell wall synthesis

Answer 6

-penicillian
-cephalosporin
-glycopeptides

Question 7

name 2 antibiotics that inhibit cell wall synthesis in the glycopeptide group

Answer 7

2 types of glycopeptides antibiotics are

-vancomycin
-telcoplanin

Question 8

name the general group penicillins and cephalosporins fall into

Answer 8

beta-lactams

Question 9

out of the glycopeptides vancomycin and telcoplanin state their toxicity levels

Answer 9

vancomycin ; toxic

telcoplanin; less toxic than V

Question 10

what kind of bacteria is inhibition of cell wall synthesis effective against (-ve or +ve)

Answer 10

effective against gram positive

Question 11

Name 5 groups of antibiotics that work by inhibiting protein synthesis

Answer 11

-aminoglycosides

-macrolides

-tetracyclins

-oxaz…

cyclic lipopeptides

Question 12

give an example of aminoglycosides

Answer 12

gentamycin

Question 13

give an example of macrolides

Answer 13

erythromycin)

Question 13

give an example of Oxazolidinones

Answer 13

linezolid (treats MRSA)

Question 14

Give an example of cyclic lipopeptides

Answer 14

daptomycin

Question 15

what anti-viral drug is used to treat Herpes & shingles

Answer 15

Aciclovir

Question 16

list 3 drugs that can be used to treat hepatitis B and C

Answer 16

interforn-alpha
ribavirin
Adefovir dipivoxil

Question 17

what is beta-lactamase

Answer 17

an enzyme that inactivates penicllin and cephalosporins

Question 18

state the 2 types of bacteria that produce beta-lactamase

Answer 18

staphylococcus aureus and gram negative bacilli

Question 19

name 2 antibiotics which are resistant/inhibit beta-lactamase and therefore can be used to treat patients

Answer 19

fluclo..

co-amox…

Question 20

are aminoglycosides, macrolides , tetra cyclins, oxaz and cyclic lipopeptides bactercidial or bacterstatic (antibiotics that inhibit protein synthesis)

Answer 20

aminoglycosides are bactericidal

macrolides are both bactericidal and bacteriostatic

tetracylins are bacteriostatic

oxaz are both

cyclic lipopeptides are bactericidal

Question 21

what 2 groups of antibiotics are associated with allergic reactions

Answer 21

penicillin
cephalosporin

Question 22

identify 3 antibiotics that are safe to use during pregnancy

Answer 22

penicillian
cephalosporin
urinary one…

Question 23

state whether the antibiotics that work by inhibiting protein synthesis work best on gram negative or gram positive bacteria

Answer 23

aminoglycosides -gram negative

macrolides-gram positive

tetracylins-gram positive

oxaz-gram positive

cyclic lipopepties -gram positive

Question 24

name the two bacteriostatic anitbiotics which combine to form a bactericidal used to inhibit the synthesis of nucleic acid

Answer 24

trimethoprim & sulphamexo combine to form co-trimox

Question 25

essentially name the 2 antibiotics that inhibit nucleic acid/DNA synthesis

Answer 25

co-trim and flueroquinolones

Question 26

give an example of flueroquinolones (antibiotic for nucleic acid synthesis) and how it is administered

Answer 26

ciprofloxacin administered orally and parenterally

Question 27

what is inherent/intrinsic antibiotic resistance

Answer 27

all strains of bacteria are naturally resistant to antibiotics

Question 28

what are streptococci and gram negative always resistant to?

Answer 28

streptococci always resistant to aminoglycoside gram negative organisms always resistant to vancomycin

Question 29

name the type of bacteria that are resistant to vamcomycin

Answer 29

VRE - vancomycin resistant enterocancocci

Question 30

candida albicans is a type of yeast that causes what to the mouth and vagina

Answer 30

causes thrust

Question 31

name a yeast that may become overgrown in the body when using penicillian or cephalosporin

Answer 31

candida albicans

Question 32

what is the name of the approach used to treat an infection which has an unknown organism causing it

Answer 32

empirical antimicrobial therapy

Question 33

what is the distincitive structural feature of beta lactam

Answer 33

beta lactam ring

Question 34

what type of bacteria is glycopeptides, cephalosporins & peniciilan(beta lactam) effective against

Answer 34

gram positive

Question 35

describe how beta lactam & how glycopeptides work

Answer 35

beta lactam - binds to penicllin binding protein (PBP) glycopeptides - prevent PBP binding to peptidoglycan which causes bacteria to die

Question 35

what is the difference in ribosome structure in eukaryotic and prokaryotic cells

Answer 35

eukaryotic - 80s ribosome prokaryotic - 70s ribosome

Question 36

how does aminoglycopeptides work

Answer 36

cause a misread in RNA synthesis, inhibiting protein synthesis

Question 37

what are the 3 different areas that antibiotics target on bacteria?

Answer 37

inhibition of cell wall synthesis inhibition of protein synthesis inhibition of nucleic acid synthesis

Question 38

what antibiotic is used to inhibit purine synthesis?

Answer 38

co - trimox formed from the combination of of trimethoprim and sulphamexo...

Question 39

what is aminoglycosides always resistant to ?

Answer 39

streptococci

Question 40

state 2 ways in which antibiotic resistance is acquired by bacteria

Answer 40

-spontaneous mutation -spread of resistance

Question 41

2 ways in which DNA is transferred in bacteria

Answer 41

-transposons -plasmids

Question 42

what is produced by bacteria to breakdown beta-lactams?

Answer 42

beta-lactamase

Question 43

how does MRSA mutate to avoid action of beta-lactams?

Answer 43

mutate PBP so beta-lactam cant bind

Question 44

what are the 2 newer antibiotics which can be used against/treat MRSA?

Answer 44

daptomycin and linezolid

Question 45

what test is used to find the minimum inhibitory concentration of an antibiotic?

Answer 45

E-test

Question 46

what are the common antibiotics used to treat UTI?

Answer 46

trimethoprim co-trimox

Question 47

give 2 examples of fluroquinolones

Answer 47

FLOXACIN -levofloxacin -ciprofloxacin

Question 48

what is an E-test used for

Answer 48

finds the minimum inhibotory conc for anantibiotic