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DVM2: Veterinary bacteriology/mycology > Gram + aerobes > Flashcards

Gram + aerobes Flashcards

1
Q

Staphylococcus morphology & species (w diseases)

A

Gram + cocci in clumps

S. aureus = cows (mastitis)
S. pseudintermedius = dogs (pyoderma + others)
S. hyicus = pigs (greasy pig disease/exudative dermatitis)

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2
Q

Staphylococcus virulence factors
(true for all Staphylococcal disease)
(13)

A

Adhesins
Halotolerant/fatty acid tolerant
Antiphagocytic capsule
Staphyloferrin B siderophore
Chemotaxis Inhibiting Protein (CHIPS)
Protein A = binds Fc > inh opsonisation/complement
Clumping factor
Exoenzymes (staphylocoagulase, hylauronidase)
Exotoxins:
- α-toxin (haemolysin) + leucocidins > suppuration
- Exfoliative toxin > skin exfoliation
- Enterotoxins
- Toxic shock syndrome toxin (TSST) superAg

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3
Q

Staphylococcus - habitat (2)

A

Skin surface

Mucocutaenous jcn

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4
Q

Staphylococcus - host factors (3) & defence

A

Wounds
Hair follicles / skin glands
Hypersensitivity rxn (esp arthropod allergies)
Defence = phagocytosis (neut’s)

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5
Q

Pyoderma, otitis externa, abscesses, wound infections etc. in dogs

  • Agent
  • Pathogenesis
A

S. pseudintermedius

  • Damage to skin integrity = wounds, allergies (flea bite/tick pyaemia), seborrhoea, maceration, glucocorticoids
  • Suppuration + abscessation
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6
Q

Tick pyaemia

A

Staphylococcus spp. (esp S. pseudintermedius in dogs)

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7
Q

Staphylococcal bovine mastitis

  • Forms (3)
  • Transmission
A 
Peracute = fatal in young cows > gangrenous dt α-toxin
Subacute = heat/swelling/induration of affected quarter
Subclinical = high ICCC + decreased milk prod'n

Transmission = via milking machines

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8
Q

Greasy pig disease (exudative epidermitis)

  • Agent & virulence factors (3)
  • Source of agent
  • Predisposing host factors (2)
  • Disease characteristics
A

Staphylococcus hyicus (fibrinolysin, exfoliative exotoxin, no α-toxin)

  • Source = skin of pigs
  • Predisposition = environmental stress, vit B deficit
  • Acute, contagious, generalised, non-pruritic disease of young pigs (w high mortality)
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9
Q

Antibiotic tx for Staphylococcal disease

- Large animals vs small animals

A 
Bo = Penicillin G (benzyl penicillin)
Ca = ampicillin, amoxycillin
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10
Q

Streptococcus spp.

  • Morphology
  • Environment
A

Gram + cocci in chains
Mucous membranes (mouth/URT/GIT/genital tract)
Pyogenic pathogens

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11
Q

Virulence factors of Streptococcus (5)

A 
Adhesins (lipotechoic acid + M protein)
Capsules (hyaluronic acid or polysacch) = anti-phag
M protein = anti-phagocytic
Haemolysin (streptolysins O/S)
Exoenzymes (proteinases, streptokinases)
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12
Q

Tx of Streptococcus

A

Tx = penicillin G (narrow spectrum, no resistance)

Tx = drain abscesses + isolate

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13
Q

Streptococcal bovine mastitis

  • Source of infection
  • Cause of dz
  • Tx
A

Streptococcus agalactiae > S. dysgalactiae / S. uberis

  • Source = obligate parasite of udder ductular tissue
  • Acute cases = faulty milking machine, poor hygiene
  • Tx required = benzyl penicillin (no resistance)
  • Variable milk quality
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14
Q

Strangles

  • Agent
  • Source of agent
  • Disease characteristics/progression
A

Streptococcus equi subsp equi
- Obligate parasite of equine nasopharynx/guttural pouch

Acute, contagious, purulent infection of pharyngeal mucosa > local lymphadenitis/LN abscessation > abscess rupture > recovery

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15
Q

Strangles VFs (3)

A

M protein = ↓ phagocytosis, adhesin
Hyaluronic capsule = ↓ phagocytosis
Streptolysin O (haemolysin) = damages phagocytes

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16
Q

Strangles defence + immunity

A 
Defence = humoral anti-M protein Ab
Immunity in 70% of recovered horses 
- Ab in colostrum = neonatal immunity
- Cell-free vax available
- Carrier animals = reservoir
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17
Q

Strangles transmission/infection route

A

Transmission = oral/nasal route
Infection = direct/indirect contact w infectious secretions
- feeding troughs, flies
- outbreaks in horses in close confinement

Agent persistent in pus/secretions in environment

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18
Q

Endometritis in mares

  • Agent
  • natural environment
  • other dz’s
A

Streptococcus equi subsp zooepidemicus
- Commensal of skin/URT/genital mucous membranes

Dz = wound infections, secondary URT infection (after viral infection), genital infections in mare, neonatal infection > septicaemia/athritis

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19
Q

What causes S. equi subsp zooepidemicus to cause endometritis in mares?

A

Impaired bacterial clearance mechanisms of uterus (e.g. during luteal phase)

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20
Q

Zoonotic meningitis, arthritis, sepsis, pneumonia in young pigs

A

Streptococcus suis

- Commensal of tonsils/nasal cavity of all pigs

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21
Q

Feline/canine Streptococci

A

S. canis = dog/cat lymphadenitis + other inf’s =

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22
Q

Arthritis/polyarthritis in pigs

A

Streptococcus dysgalactiae ssp dysgalactiae

Streptococcus suis

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23
Q

Lymphadenitis in pigs

A

Streptococcus porcinus

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24
Q

Rattles (equine)

  • Source of infection
  • Dz characteristics
A

Rhodococcus equi (gram + cocci/coccobacilli)

  • Soil/dust + multiplies in dung
  • Pyogranulomatous bronchopneumonia + GI ulceration
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25
Q

Rattles VFs (4)

A

Polysaccharide capsule = ↓ phagocytosis
VapA gene > virulence associated protein = ↓ phagosome function
Facultative intracellular parasite (in alveolar MPS/PMNs)

No toxin

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26
Q

Rattles

  • Susceptible animals
  • Pathogenesis
  • Tx
  • Immunity
A

Young foals w waning maternal Ab

Infection via inhalation/ingestion > granulomatous abscess > suppuration/abscessation in bronchial LNs > cough/rattles > exhaled in aerosols

Tx = azithromycin

CMI + Ab immunity important

Zoonosis reported

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27
Q

Mycobacterium spp.

  • Morphology
  • Environment
A

Gram + rods
Obligate aerobes
Saprophytic or obligate intracellular parasites (RES)

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28
Q

Mycobacterium VFs (5)

A

Lipid-rich cell wall
Cell wall mycolipids/phospholipids = inhibit phag-lys fusion
Mycolic acid (cell wall) = protects against macroph killing
Tuberculoprotein = delayed type HS response
No toxin

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29
Q

Host factors in Mycobacterium infection (3)

A

Intracellular parasites TF CMI (macroph)
Breed-related susceptibility (Jersey > SE Asian)
Stress (calving, heavy lactation) > dz/shedding

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30
Q

Environmental factors of Mycobacterium (2)

A

Carrier animals = reservoir of infection

Resistant in environment (drying, pH)

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31
Q

Bovine tuberculosis

- Dz characteristics

A

Mycobacterium bovis

  • Chronic granulomatous lesions of lung/GIT/other organs
  • Tubercles are encapsulated + calcified > stress = shedding
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32
Q

Bovine TB infection route + resulting disease

A

Ingestion > GIT > mesenteric LNs > liver, lungs

Inhalation > alveolar macroph > lung lesions > local LN > lymphatics/blood > other organs

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33
Q

Bovine TB epidemiology

A

Extensive systems = inhalation > pulmonary TB

Intensive systems = ingestion > GI TB

Contaminated environment
Wildlife reservoirs (possums, pigs)
Eradicated from Aus

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34
Q

Is Mycobacterium bovis zoonotic?

A

Yes - cervical adenitis in children from drinking unpasteurised milk

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35
Q

Bovine TB tx

A

Macrolide AB (azithromycin) = gram + aerobes

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36
Q

Johne’s disease

A

Mycobacterium avium ssp paratuberculosis

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37
Q

Johne’s disease characteristics
JD route of infection
JD transmission

A

Chronic contagious enteritis (distal SI) of sheep/cattle
Infection early in life > long incubation period (>2y)
Faeco-oral route (ingestion > invasion of ileal mucosa)
Shedding by carrier animals
- High stocking density important

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38
Q

JD clinical signs

JD necropsy signs

A

Malabsorption > chronic wasting + (pea-soup) diarrhoea
Protein-losing enteropathy > hypoalbuminaemia > bottle jaw + ascites
PM = thickened intestinal mucosa w corrugations

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39
Q

JD parasite factors (3)

A

Intracellular parasite of macrophages
Depresses Th cell activity
Fe-dependent

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40
Q

JD host factors (3)

A

Infection early in life > prolonged incubation period
Infection as adult > no disease + shedding (TF reservoir)
Disease precipitated by stress (calving, heavy lactation)

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41
Q

JD environmental factors (3)

JD epidemiology (2)

A

Stress = climatic conditions/nutritional shortages
Climate = temperate regions
Stocking density = ↑ facilitates transmission

Contaminated environment important (resistant to dessication)

Endemic in Aus (NSW/Vic/SA/Tas)

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42
Q

JD vax

A

Live vaccine > ↓ clinical disease but doesn’t affect infection rate/shedding

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43
Q

JD zoonosis

A

Crohn’s disease - no causal link

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44
Q

Avian tuberculosis

A

Mycobacterium avium ssp avium

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45
Q

Avian TB disease & pathogenesis

Dz in pigs
Zoonosis?

A

Ingestion of contaminated food/water/soil
> caseous nodules in GIT, liver, spleen + GI ulceration
> emaciation, joint swelling
> shed in faeces (↑ numbers)

Causes submandibular LN abscesses in pigs
Zoonotic potential in immunocompromised (AIDS)

46
Q

Avian TB epidemiology & environmental factors

A

Rare in birds < 1yo
Extended survival in environment > environmental contamination + reinfection

Worldwide distribution

47
Q

Cat leprosy

A

Mycobacterium lepraemurium

- Nodular cutaneous lesions on heads/limbs of cats ± draining LNs

48
Q

Cat leprosy - source of infection

A

Rat bites

49
Q

Corynebacterium morphology

A

Gram + pleomorphic rods in palisade arrangements

50
Q

Cheesy gland/caseous lymphadenitis agent

A

Corynbacterium pseudotuberculosis

- Sheep/goats

51
Q

Ulcerative lymphangitis in horses agent

A

Corynebacterium pseudotuberculosis

52
Q

Cheesy gland parasite VFs (3)

A

Leucotoxic surface lipid = destroys PMN WBCs > persistence in abscesses
Pyogenic factor = cell wall component
Phospholipase haemolytic exotoxin = ↑ vasc perm > early dissemination

53
Q

Cheesy gland pathogenesis in sheep

A

Agent entry via skin wound (shearing)/macerated skin (wetting)
> localised skin lesion (heals quickly)
> dissemination to draining LNs (exotoxin important)
> phagocytosis, intracellular multiplication, PMN cell death (leucotoxin)
> chronic purulent abscesses
> continuing fibrosis = encapsulated abscess + layered appearance

May enter lymphatics/blood > generalised lymphadenitis, pyaemia, anaemia, cachexia

54
Q

Cheesy gland pathogenesis in goats

A

Agent entry via oral abrasions (dt grazing habits of goats)

55
Q

Cheesy gland epidemiology (2)

CG control (3)

A

↑ incidence with age (dt ↑ chance of exposure)
Discharge from abscesses > contaminate environment (soil, shears - esp wet/faeces-rich)

Shear/dip young sheep before old
Keep dips clear of organic matter
Toxoid vaccine

56
Q

Is cheesy gland zoonotic? risk factors?

A

yes - lymphadenitis

Close contact w sheep

57
Q

Cheesy gland tx

CG outcomes (2)

A

Penicillin (sensitive)
Encapsulated abscess = drug doesn’t penetrate

↓ morbidity/mortality
Carcasse condemnation

58
Q

Bovine pyelonephritis

Ovine balanoposthitis/vulvitis (pizzle rot)

A

Corynebacterium renale

59
Q

Pizzle rot/pyelonephritis VFs (3)

A

Tropism for renal medulla
Pili = attachment to UGT mucosa
Urease (urea > NH3) = necrosis/ulceration

60
Q

Bovine pyelonephritis - pathogenesis

A

Commensal of lower UGT
> ascending UTI (F predisposed dt short/wide urethra + pregnancy)
> cystitis > ureteritis > pyelonephritis
> necrosis, congestion, chronic inflamm/fibrosis

Clin signs = lumbar pain, haematuria, pyouria, poor BCS

Older cows > young

61
Q

Ovine pizzle rot/vulvitis risk factors (2) + pathogenesis

A

Commensal of lower UGT

Risk factors

  • high pasture E2 > preputial swelling >
  • ↑ dietary protein > ↑ [urea] of urine

> urine accumulation in poorly developed penis (retracted in prepuce)
ulceration/scabbing = balanoposthitis
urinary obstruction = extension of lesions
complete obstruction = toxaemia/sepsis

62
Q

Trueperella pyogenes morphology

A

Gram + pleomorphic rod

63
Q

T. pyogenes - examples of diseases

A

Commensal of mucosal surfaces

Non-specific suppurative lesions in catte/sheep/pigs (secondary infections)

  • Liver abscesses (bo)
  • Pyogenic mastitis (bo)
  • HW disease (bo)
  • Foot abscesses (ov) = footrot
  • Pneumonia (po)

Mixed infection w Fusobacterium necrophorum

64
Q

Trueperella pyogenes VFs (2)

A 
Haemolytic exotoxin (pyolysin)
Predilection for closed cavities (udder)
65
Q

Tx of Trueperella pyogenes

A

Penicillin sensitive (doesn’t penetrate lesions though)
Anti-pyolysin Ab protective
No vax

66
Q

Nocardia asteroides morphology

Environment

Location when pathogenic

A

Gram + filamentous rods

Saprophytic - soil, decaying organic matter

Facultatively intracellular parasite
Strict aerobe

67
Q

Nocardiosis diseases (3)

A

Chronic suppurative/granular respiratory infections > haematogenous spread

Chronic granulomatouus skin lesions

Acute mastitis

68
Q

Nocardia asteroides VFs (2)

A

No toxin

Virulent strains inhibit phag-lys fusion

69
Q

Tx of Nocardiosis

A

Trimethoprim-sulfonamide

resistant to penicillin

70
Q

Nocardiosis - host factors (3)

Immunity (2)

A

Dogs > other sp
M > F
Young (<2yo) > old

CMI important
Immunosuppression > systemic dz

71
Q

Lumpy wool
Strawberry footrot
Cutaneous streptothricosis
Rain scald

A

Dermatophlius congolensis

- Obligate animal parasite in uncornified layers of epidermis

72
Q

Lumpy wool (+ others) disease characteristics

A

Proliferative, exudative dermatitis + scab formation

73
Q

Life cycle of agent causing lumpy wool

A

Dermatophilus congolensis

> Long branching filaments > broaden into wide filaments > septation into cocci > divide + become motile

74
Q

Lumpy wool/strawberry footrot risk factors (8)

A 
Chronic wetting (↑ rainfall in spring)
↑ ambient T/humidity
Intercurrent disease (orf virus)
Ectoparasites (hypersensitivity)
Abrasions
Wax content of fleece (TF waterproofing)
Age (young > old)
Carrier animals

Lumpy wool predisposes to fly strike

75
Q

Lumpy wool pathogenesis

A

Transmission by direct/indirect contact
> proliferation in epidermis
> exudation + scab/crust formation
> regeneration of epidermal layers = layered scab (cornified epidermis/exudate)
> coalescing scabs = large areas affected

76
Q

Is lumpy wool zoonotic

A

Yes - humans handling animals

77
Q

Porcine pyelonephritis/UTI

A

Atinobaculum suis

78
Q

Lumpy jaw agent + morphology + O2 requirement

A

Actinomyces bovis
Gram + branching filament
Obligate anaerobe

79
Q

Lumpy jaw pathogenesis

A

Commensal of oral cavity
> Injury to buccal mucosa (coarse feed, shedding teeth) = pathogen entry
> local pyogranulomatous lesions in mandible/maxilla (at site of entry) w S granules
> pus discharge through fistulous tracts
> extension to soft tissues + bone

80
Q

Lumpy jaw tx

A

Sensitive to penicillin (G)

81
Q

Listeria morphology

A

Gram positive rod

Motile at low T

82
Q

Forms of listeriosis (5)

A

Adult ruminants:

  • Meningoencephalitis (via CN V)
  • Abortion
  • Keratoconjunctivitis
  • Mastitis

Neonatal lambs: septicaemia

83
Q

Listeria monocytogenes VFs (4)

A 
Growth at low T
Surface protein (internalin) = cell invasion
Haemolysin = phagosome lysis
Surface protein (Act A) = facilitates transfer

Facultative intracellular parasite

84
Q

Listeriosis - host factors (5)

A

Subclinical infection common
CMI - macrophages
Immunocompromise/pregnancy = ↑ susceptibility
Oral wounds allow entry > CN V > brain

85
Q

Meningoencephalitis/meningitis (circling disease) in ruminants

A

Listeria monocytogenes

86
Q

Circling disease pathogenesis (ruminants)

A 
Inhalation/conjunctival contamination
> entry through oral wounds
> ascending infection along CN V
> localisation in brain 
> white matter granulomas + perivascular cuffing
87
Q

Circling disease clin signs (ruminants) (6)

A 
Unilateral facial paralysis
Circling
Deviation of the head
Depression
Head pressing
Progressive paralysis > death
88
Q

Listeriosis environmental factors (2)

A

Ubiquitous (cool climates/seasons)

Poorly fermented silage (pH > 5.5)

89
Q

Pathogenesis of ruminant abortions - Listeria monocytogenes

A

Infection of pregnant animal > bacteraemia > localisation in uterus >invasion of foetal/placental tissue > foetal death > abortion (w RFM)

90
Q

What are the risk factors for zoonotic listeriosis?

A

Food borne infection (milk/cheese)
> meningitis in neonates/elderly
> abortions in pregnant women

High infectious dose

91
Q

Erysipelothrix morphology

A

Slender gram + rods in filaments

92
Q

Erysipelas in pigs - agent

- Disease forms (3)

A

Erysepelothrix rhusiopathiae

Bacteraemia >
- arthritis and/or endocarditis
- skin lesions (diamonds)
Septicaemia

93
Q

Tx of listeriosis

A

Ampicillin

Amoxy-Clav

94
Q

Erysipelothrix VFs (4)

A

Virulent strains = invasive
Adhere to intestinal epithelium
Neuraminidase = vascular dmg/thrombosis
Antiphagocytic capsule

95
Q

Tx of erysipelas

A

Penicillin

96
Q

Host factors of erysipelas (4)

A 
Carrier animals (pigs) < > environment
Ag persists in avascular joints/heart valves
> immunopathological rxns (arthus)
Humoral immunity (macrophages)
Age-related susceptibility (3mo-3y)
97
Q

Erysipelas immunity/vax (2)

A

Humoral (Ab) immunity

Killed or live attenuated vax

98
Q

Erysipelas environmental factors (4)

A

Resistant to dry/salt/pH etc.
Survive in environment
Extensive pig raising
Feeding fish meal

99
Q

Swine erysipelas pathogenesis

A

Oral/percutaneous transmission
> adhere to GI epithelium
> bacteraemia + vasculitis/thrombosis
> localisation in heart/skin/joints or sepsis

100
Q

Clinical manifestations of swine erysipelas (4)

A

Acute sepsis = febrile, bright red diamond skin lesions > death

Urticaria = mild, non-fatal, purple skin lesions

Chronic form = vegetative endocarditis, non-suppurative arthritis

101
Q

WHat is erysipeloid?

A

Zoonosis via Erysipelothrix rhusopathiae

  • Acute skin inflammation via skin wounds
  • Animal handlers
102
Q

Bacillus morphology, environment, key feature

A

Large gram + rods
Soil/water - multiply in environment
Endospore-forming = resistant, long lived

103
Q

Anthrax VFs (2 - subparts)

A

Plasmid-encoded VFs:

Poly-D-glutamic acid capsule = antiphagocytic
Exotoxin - made of 3 proteins
- Protective Ag (PA) = binds receptors + forms channels
- Oedema factor (EF) = adenylate cyclase > electrolyte/fluid loss
- Lethal factor (LF) = metalloprotease > IL-1 release from macrophages

LF+PA = lethal toxin > cell death
EF+PA = oedema toxin > cell death
104
Q

Diseases caused by Bacillus spp.

A

B. anthracis = anthrax

B. cereus = acute mastitis/abortion in cattle

105
Q

Anthrax - host factors (2)

A

Herbivores most susceptible

Overprod’n of IL-1/TNF > endothelial dmg > acute CV shock

106
Q

Anthrax - immunity

A 
anti-exotoxin Ab protective
Attenuated vax (no capsule) available
107
Q

Anthrax - environmental factors (4)

A

↓ pCO2 > endospore formation
Anthrax belt = west NSW
Seasonal = warm, humid weather
Outbreaks = scarce feed > oral abrasion

108
Q

Septicaemic anthrax pathogenesis

A 
Ingestion of spores 
> local multiplication + local LNitis
> bacteraemia 
> cleared by spleen RES
> exceeds splenic clearance capacity
> multiplies in blood
> death dt hypovolaemic shock
109
Q

Septicaemic anthrax clin signs (

A

Enlarged, pulpy (strawberry jam) spleen
Rapid decomposition of carcass
Black exudate from body orifices

110
Q

Zoonotic anthracosis

A 
Cutaneous anthrax
> spore ingestion 
> black eschars
> local LNitis
> death

DVM2: Veterinary bacteriology/mycology (9 decks)

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