GRAM Flashcards
Geometric Perspective (LAV):
Linear perspective
Apparent foreshortening (oval)
Vertical position in the field
Retinal Image Size (KITO):
Known Size of Objects.
Increasing or Decreasing Size of Objects.
Terrestrial Association.
Overlapping Contours or Interposition of Objects.
Aerial Perspective (FLP):
Fading of Colors or Shades.
Loss of Detail or Texture.
Position of Light Source and Direction of Shadow.
Motion Parallax:
This is often considered the most important cue to depth perception. Motion parallax refers to the apparent, relative motion of stationary objects as viewed by an observer who is moving across the landscape.
Geometric Perspective (LAV)
An object appears to have a different shape when crew members view it at varying distances and from different angles. The types of geometric perspective include;
Linear perspective
Narrowing as distance increase
Apparent foreshortening
Oval apperance
Vertical position in the field.
Normal that higher is further away
Retinal Image Size (KITO)
Distance Estimation. An image focused on the retina is perceived by the brain to be of a given size. The factors that aid in determining distance using the retinal image are known size of objects, increasing and decreasing size of objects, terrestrial association, and overlapping contours or interposition of objects. These factors can be remembered by the acronym KITO.
Known Size of Objects. The nearer an object is to the observer, the larger its retinal image.
Increasing or Decreasing Size of Objects.
Terrestrial Association. Comparison of one object, such as an airfield, with another object of known size, such as a helicopter, will help to determine the relative size and apparent distance.
Overlapping Contours or Interposition of Objects. When objects overlap, the overlapped object is farther away.
Aerial Perspective (FLP):
The clarity of an object and the shadow cast by it are perceived by the brain and are cues for estimating distance.
Fading of Colors or Shades. Objects viewed through haze, fog, or smoke are seen less distinctly and appear to be at a greater distance than they actually are.
Loss of Detail or Texture. The farther from an object that an observer is, the less apparent discrete details become.
Position of Light Source and Direction of Shadow. Every object will cast a shadow if there is a source of light. The direction in which the shadow is cast depends on the position of the light source.
Motion Parallax:
This is often considered the most important cue to depth perception. Motion parallax refers to the apparent, relative motion of stationary objects as viewed by an observer who is moving across the landscape.
