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Geography > Grade 11 Term 1 🌍 > Flashcards

Grade 11 Term 1 🌍 Flashcards

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1
Q

Learn precipitation symbols on worksheet or on p.82.

A

🌺

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2
Q

What weather is common along the ITCZ (in terms of precipitation)?

A

A lot of convection rain, therefore there is often dense cloud cover of cumulonimbus clouds.

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3
Q

What weather is associated with a low pressure cell?

A

Unstable weather: rain, cumulonimbus clouds, high temperatures and high dew point temperatures.

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4
Q

What would a weather station look like if there is a 5 knot wind blowing from south to north?

A

⚫️

L

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5
Q

What wether is associated with a high pressure cell?

A

Stable weather: clear skies, no precipitation, cool to warm temperatures

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6
Q

What is a wind named after?

A

The direction it comes from.

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7
Q

What does it mean when isobars are close together on a synoptic weather map?

A

There is a strong pressure gradient (a strong wind).

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8
Q

Where are temperature and dew point temperature shown on a station model?

A

Left. Above and below the precipitation symbol.

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9
Q

In what 5 ways can you work out the season depicted?

Look in notes for more information.

A

The date

Temperatures and rainfall (east coast in Summer and west coast in Winter)

Position of anti-cyclones (HP): further South in Summer, Kalahari High often over interior in Winter

Cold fronts: associated with winter

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10
Q

What weather is associated with a cold front?

A

A wind shift from south, to south-westerly to westerly.
Cumulonimbus clouds
Unstable weather, can include brief thunderstorms

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11
Q

What is a cold front that has caught up to a warm front called?

A

An occluded front.
(Looks like: dome, spike, dome etc.)
Drawing of it is in notes.

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12
Q

When will the mid-latitude cyclones be further south?

A

Summer

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13
Q

When will there be a coastal low along Southern Africa’s coastline?

A

Summer

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14
Q

What is ‘an out of shape’ low pressure cell/ high pressure cell called?

A

LP- trough

HP- ridge

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15
Q

What are the names of the cells in the tri-cellular model (in order of equator to poles)?

A

Hadley cell, Ferrel cell, Polar cell

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16
Q

What does this stand for: PFJS

A

Polar front jet stream

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17
Q

What does this stand for: STJS

A

Sub-tropical jet stream

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18
Q

What does this stand for: ITCZ

A

Inter-tropical convergence zone

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19
Q

What are world pressure belts?

A

Warm air expands and rises in convection currents creating a low pressure at the surface where air converges. At a high pressure, cold air sinks and diverges.

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20
Q

What is tri-cellular circulation?

A

This is vertical movement of the Hadley, Ferrel and Polar Cells

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21
Q

What are surface winds?

A

Easterly and westerly winds. Wind blows from a high pressure to a low pressure along a pressure gradient force and is deflected (to the left in the Southern Hemisphere and to the right in the Northern Hemisphere) due to Coriolis Force.

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22
Q

What are the world’s 3 climatic zones and where are they found?

A

Tropical zone: 0-30*
Temperate zone: 30-60*
Polar zone: 60+
(=degrees)

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23
Q

What happens to sunlight at high latitudes

A

Heat strikes at a low, oblique angle so heat is spread over a larger area

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24
Q

Where is the Tropic of Cancer/ Capricorn?

A

23,5* N/ S

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25
Q

How long does the earth take to revolve around the sun once?

A

365,25 days

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26
Q

What 2 main factors affect the seasons?

A

Latitude and the tilt of the earth’s axis

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27
Q

What is the tilt of the earth’s axis?

A

23,5*

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28
Q

What is the longest day called?

A

Summer solstice

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29
Q

What do you call a day with the same length day and night?

A

Equinox

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30
Q

When are the solstices?

A

21 June and 21 December

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31
Q

When are the equinoxes?

A

21 March and 21 September

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32
Q

Note: learn ocean currents on p.53
Also in notes but less clear there.
“Test yourself” in notes

A

🌺

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33
Q

In what directions do gyres move?

A

Clockwise in Northern Hemisphere

Anti-clockwise in Southern Hemisphere

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34
Q

What 2 sets of winds are involved in forming ocean currents?

A

Trade winds and Westerly Winds

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35
Q

Where are trade winds found?

A

Between 30N and 30S

36
Q

From which directions do the trade winds blowing?

A

North east in N. Hemisphere

South east in S. Hemisphere

37
Q

From which directions do Westerlies blow?

A

South west in N. Hemisphere

North west in S. Hemisphere

38
Q

What is Coriolis Force?

A

The force that causes the deflection of winds due to the rotation of the earth.

39
Q

What are the Horse Latitudes?

A

Area without Coriolis force.

Between 30N and 30S

40
Q

State Ferrel’s law

A

Winds are deflected to their left in the Southern Hemisphere and their right in the Northern Hemisphere.

41
Q

Where are the doldrums?

Won’t be in Rhenish tests

A

Between 5N and 5S

42
Q

Note: images of surface winds are in “The atmosphere” notes (light blue)

A

🌺

43
Q

What is the Inter-tropical Convergence Zone?

A

A belt of low pressure which circles the Earth generally near the equator where the trade winds converge. Characterized by convective activity.

44
Q

Along what does air flow?

A

Along a pressure gradient force (from HP to LP)

45
Q

What 3 factors control wind?

A

Pressure differences, the Coriolis effect and friction

46
Q

What is geostrophic flow?

A

The theoretical wind that would result from the exact balance between Coriolis force and PGF.

47
Q

What does PGF stand for?

A

Pressure gradient force

48
Q

In what way does geostrophic wind blow?

A

Parallel to the isobars (clockwise around low pressure cells and anticlockwise around high pressure cells in the Southern Hemisphere)

49
Q

What is another name for an anticyclone and which way will wind blow there in the Southern Hemisphere?

A

High pressure cell (not if it’s a trough though?)

Anticlockwise

50
Q

What does secondary circulation involve?

A

Upper air circulation (in upper atmosphere)

51
Q

What are the 3 types of pressure belts?

A 
ITCZ (1)
Subtropical high (2)
Subpolar low (2)
52
Q

Note: look at synoptic weather maps in “Synoptic weather maps” worksheet (light purple). Not in the key cards but very important info

A

🌺

53
Q

What are isobars?

A

Lines on a map joining all places with the same atmospheric pressure.

54
Q

What does hPa stand for?

A

Hectopascal

55
Q

What is a mid-latitude cyclone?

A

A cell of low pressure that forms at the polar front.

56
Q

In what way do pressure gradient winds blow?

A

Across isobars (HP to LP)

57
Q

In which way do onshore winds blow?

A

Sea to land. Moist air masses.

58
Q

What is a Föhn wind?

A

A warm, dry wind that descends the leeward side of a mountain.

59
Q

What is a Föhn wind called in North America?

A

Snow-eater/ Chinook

60
Q

What is a Föhn wind called in South Africa?

A

Berg wind

61
Q

What is a Föhn wind called in the Andes of Argentina?

A

Zonda

62
Q

What is a Föhn wind called in Australia?

A

Brick fielder

63
Q

What is a Föhn wind called in the Sahara?

A

Sirocco

64
Q

What do DALR and WALR stand for and what are they?

A

Dry Adiabatic Lapse Rate (1*C/ 100m)

Wet Adiabatic Lapse Rate (0,5*C/ 100m)

65
Q

Name 3 effects of a Föhn wind

A

Dry up plants and farmlands
Cause forest fires
Melt snow➡️ avalanches

66
Q

What is a monsoon?

A

A seasonal wind that blows in tropical regions (because of the seasonal reversal of atmospheric pressure) that brings rainfall in Summer.

67
Q

Where in South East Asia does a high pressure form during Winter?

A

Over the Siberian Plateau, North of the Himalayan mountains

68
Q

Name 3 benefits of the summer monsoon in India

A

Relief from the hot weather
Rain for crops
Flushes pollution from rivers

69
Q

Name 4 negative features of the summer monsoon in India

A

Destruction of infrastructure
Destruction of property
Topsoil and crops washed away
Death

70
Q

Give another name for an onshore breeze/ wind.

A

Sea breeze

71
Q

Give another name for an offshore breeze/ wind.

A

Land breeze

72
Q

What is an El Niño/ La Niña?

A

An irregularly occurring series of climatic changes affecting the equatorial Pacific region.

73
Q

What happens of northern Peru and Ecuador every few years, typically in late December?

A

Unusually warm, nutrient-poor water appears.

74
Q

What are the effects of El Niño?

A

Reversal of wind patterns across the Pacific
Drought in Australasia (Australia and South-East Asia)
Unseasonal heavy rain in South America
Warmer Central and East Pacific Ocean
Rising air and rain over Central Pacific
Warm temperatures in central and eastern Pacific

75
Q

What are the normal conditions over the Pacific?

A

The tropical easterlies (trade winds) blow westward across the Pacific Ocean, dragging warm water towards Australia and South-East Asia.

76
Q

Look at diagrams of normal conditions, El Niño and La Niña.

A

🌺

77
Q

What causes an El Niño?

A

A change in air pressure causes tropical easterlies (trade winds) to weaken

78
Q

What are the characteristics of a La Niña?

A

Tropical easterlies are stronger than normal
Upwelling of cold water is increased
Heavy rainfall on the eastern side of Australia and South-East Asia and the west Pacific Ocean
Drier conditions over west coast of South America

79
Q

How does an El Niño affect Africa?

A

Warm, dry air causing drought conditions over western and central Africa.
Sometimes heavy downpours, floods and mudslides in East Africa

80
Q

How does a La Niña affect Africa?

A

Cool, wet conditions. Heavy rain and storms over Africa.

Good rains are welcomed by farmers. Heavy rains can cause floods

81
Q

What is a cold front?

A

The leading edge of an approaching cold air mass

82
Q

How do polar fronts develop?

A

Cold and hot air meet between the Polar cell and the Ferrel cell and mid-latitude cyclones form

83
Q

What is an isohyet?

A

A line joining places of equal rainfall.

84
Q

Define insolation.

A

Direct solar radiation falling on a unit area of the Earth’s surface

85
Q

Define pressure gradient

A

Flow from high pressure to low pressure

Geography (12 decks)

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