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Geography > Gr.11 Development (T3) > Flashcards

Gr.11 Development (T3) Flashcards

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1
Q

What 3 characteristics do the BRICS nations have in common?

A
  1. Developing/ newly development
  2. Large, fast-growing economies
  3. High influence
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2
Q

Name the BRICS nations

A 
Brazil
Russia
India
China
South Africa
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3
Q

What are the 3 free market development models in chronological order?

A 
Rostow's Development Model (1960)
Friedmann's Core-periphery Model (1966)
Sustainability Models (1990's-2000's)
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4
Q

What are the 5 stages of Rostow’s Development Model in sequence?

A 
Traditional society
Preconditions for Take-off
Take-off
Drive to maturity
High-mass consumption
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5
Q

What are the characteristics of Traditional Society?

A

Subsistence-based agriculture

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6
Q

What are the characteristics of Preconditions for Take-off?

A

Technology improves and manufacture occurs

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7
Q

What are the characteristics of Take-off?

A

Growth of infrastructure and industry

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8
Q

What are the characteristics of Drive to Maturity?

A

Rapid urbanisation

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9
Q

What are the characteristics of High-mass consumption?

A

Export and shift to consumerism

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10
Q

Suggestion: make a diagram-worksheet for Rostow’s development model

A

🌺

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11
Q

Name 3 of the limitations and criticisms of Rostow’s Development Model

A

🙂The model is based on West European countries. Not all countries go through all 5 stages. Some countries don’t see capitalism, industrialisation and modernisation as the ideal development path.
🙂Many countries remain at stage 1 despite time and wealth.
🙂Some people don’t see stage 5 as the goal for developing countries.
🙂The focus is on economic growth: to what extent does social and human development take place?

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12
Q

What is the limitation of Friedmann’s Core-Periphery Model?

A

Doesn’t consider the environmental or social aspects

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13
Q

What 2 parts does Friedmann’s Core-Periphery Model consist of and what role do they play in development?

A

A dominant core area (concentrated growth)

Less developed periphery (depends on core)

Development spreads from core to periphery

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14
Q

What are the 3 factors of the sustainability models?

A

Economy, society and environment

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15
Q

What do modern development models put first?

A

People and the environment

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16
Q

What is the Brandt Report?

A

An imaginary line that divides the world (generally) into the rich north and the poor south.

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17
Q

What does development refer to?

A

Characteristics that describe the stage a country has reached on economic, cultural, social and technological levels.

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18
Q

What are the 3 main ways that we divide the world into MEDC’s and LEDC’s?

A

Economically, socially and environmentally

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19
Q

What is the first indicator of a country’s wealth?

A

Whether the country is mainly involved in primary or has industrialised and is involved in secondary and tertiary activities.

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20
Q

Define GNI

A

(Gross National Income)

The total value of all goods and services produced in a country in a year including foreign earnings.

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21
Q

Define GDI

A

(Gross Domestic Income)

The total value of all goods and services produced in a country in a year.

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22
Q

Define GDI per capita

A

The total value of all goods and services produced in a country in a year per person

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23
Q

What do GNI/ GDI (per capita) not indicate?

A

The uneven spread of wealth

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24
Q

Define standard of living

A

This is the material well-being of a person; the value of their possessions, savings and type of home they live in.

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25
Q

Define quality of life

A

The general well-being of a person including standard of living but also affected by education, health care, services, environment, political and religious freedom etc.

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26
Q

Define development

A

The improvement in the standard of living, quality of life and well-being that happens when a country becomes richer

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27
Q

What is often the cause of development in a country?

A

The country develops its resources and produces goods and services

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28
Q

What is an NIC?

A

A newly industrialised country which changes to have a strong manufacturing sector.

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29
Q

What do many NIC’s take advantage of?

A

Cheap labour and land

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30
Q

What does the HDI of a country indicate?

A

(Human Development Index)

Indicates the level of human development (i.e. basic quality of life)

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31
Q

What 3 things are used to calculate HDI?

A

Life expectancy, GDI per capita and level of education (literacy levels)

(Health, wealth and education)

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32
Q

What HDI would indicate an almost perfect quality of life?

A

1

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33
Q

What does a country’s GINI-coefficient indicate?

A

How wealth is shared in a country

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34
Q

What GINI-coefficient score indicates complete equality?

A

0

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35
Q

Why does a greater equality of income indicate a more developed society (in theory)?

A

Fewer unemployed are relying on those who are earning

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36
Q

Name 4 social indicators

Can also be economic indicators

A

Percentage of people living in urban areas
Education and literacy levels
Available services
Status of women

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37
Q

What does the percentage of people living in urban areas indicate?

A

Level of secondary and tertiary activities vs primary activities in a country

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38
Q

What do education and literacy levels affect? (2)

A

Employment and the capacity to contribute to the GDI

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39
Q

What do demographic indicators do?

A

Give us information about the population of a country

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40
Q

Name at least 4 of the 7 demographic indicators

A 
Birth rate
Death rate
Infant mortality rate
Life expectancy 
Maternal mortality rate (deaths during childbirth)
Population growth 
Fertility rate
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41
Q

Name 3 environmental indicators

A

Consumption of energy (resources)
Number of dams built
Percentage of conservation parks and national parks

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42
Q

Define sustainable development

A

Meeting the needs of present populations without compromising the opportunities open to future generations.

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43
Q

Define appropriate development

A

Technology suited to the local people and the environment in which they live.

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44
Q

What are the 5 Millennium Goals?

A 
Eradicate poverty
Reduce infant mortality 
Ensure primary education for all
Promote gender equality 
Commit 0,7% of their GDP to foreign aid
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45
Q

Define PPP

A

(Purchasing Power Parity)

The GNI adjusted to the local cost of living.

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46
Q

How is human and social development determined?

A

HDI
GNI
PQLI

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47
Q

How is economic development determined?

A

GDI
GNI
PPP

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48
Q

What is PQLI?

A

(Physical quality of life index)

This shows the average of literacy, life expectancy and infant mortality

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49
Q

How is demographic development determined?

A

Life expectancy

Infant mortality

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50
Q

Define life expectancy

A

How long you can expect to live for

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51
Q

Define infant mortality

A

Number of deaths of infants per 1000 per year

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52
Q

Name 2 environmental things we have the right to according to the South African Bill of Rights.

A

An environment not harmful to our health and happiness
The prevention of environmental degradation
The promotion of conservation
When developing economically and socially, we must sustain the ecology of our natural resources

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53
Q

What does global mean?

A

International- between countries around the globe

54
Q

What does regionally refer to?

A

An area- can involve more than one country

55
Q

What does local refer to?

A

Within a country - can also be within a province

56
Q

Describe development globally (2)

A

Developed countries have a rising unemployment rate.

Emerging economies like BRICS are becoming important economic powers.

57
Q

Describe development regionally (1)

A

Fishing is an important economic activity

58
Q

Describe development locally (3)

A

Unemployment in South Africa is at 25%
Mining of iron ore is lifting people out of poverty
Health care needs to be addressed, especially regarding HIV/AIDS

59
Q

Define frameworks for development

A

Factors that affect development. Some factors aid development and others hinder it.

60
Q

What are 5 of the 7 physical factors that affect development?

A 
Natural resources 
Land fertility 
Climate
Accessibility
Flat or mountainous/hilly/marshy land
Environmentally sound or harmful practices and policies
Access to resources
61
Q

What are 5 of the 9 human factors that affect development?

A 
Industrialisation 
Infrastructure 
Technology 
Population growth rate
Healthcare
Mechanisation 
Access to resources, eg energy
Literacy, education and training 
Governance- accountability and corruption
62
Q

What are 3 political factors that affect development?

A

Political stability and war
History of colonialism
Wealth, loans and debt (economy)

63
Q

Read through explanations of factors influencing development before a test. PowerPoint: Frameworks for Development

A

🌺

64
Q

What causes trade imbalances? (2)

A

Different amount of exports vs imports

Export primary products and import manufactured goods

65
Q

Give 3 examples of gender inequality

A 
Own less property
Sexual abuse and violence 
Lower paying jobs- fewer in position of power
Denied higher education 
No political representation 
Run the home
66
Q

Define sustainability

A

Addressing the needs of the present while ensuring future needs are not put at risk

67
Q

How can appropriate development be ensured?

A

Development must take into account the needs of the community. It must be bottom-up not top-down.

68
Q

What is top-down development?

A

When the government decides what a community needs without consulting locals.

69
Q

What is bottom-up development?

A

Development that occurs after consultation and representation from the locals.

70
Q

What should companies be made accountable for?

A

Environmental damage and human rights violations

71
Q

Name 4 types of trade

A

Free trade
Trade barriers
Subsidies
Fair trade

72
Q

What is free trade?

A

Trade without interference from the government or any organisation

73
Q

What are prices of commodities bas d on in free trade?

A

Supply and demand

74
Q

Name 2 benefits of free trade

A

It promotes competition which brings down prices.

It strengthens relationships between countries

75
Q

What is a trade bloc?

A

A group of countries that all benefit from trading without tariffs, e.g. EU

(Sometimes free trade areas agree to internal rules)

76
Q

What are three negatives to free trade?

A

Local businesses could be threatened
Labour laws vary from country to country
Quality of goods is difficult to control

77
Q

Name 5 trade barriers

A 
Tariffs
Quotas
Customs
Sanctions 
Subsidies
78
Q

Define tariffs

A

Taxes collected by government on goods coming into a country

79
Q

Define quotas

A

When governments restrict the amount of goods that can be imported/ exported from a country.

80
Q

Define sanctions

A

Governments ‘punish’ another country with economic penalties, e.g. Boycotts and trade embargos (bans)

81
Q

What do trade barriers protect in a country? (3)

A

Jobs
Local products from foreign competition
Initiative for entrepreneurship and industry

82
Q

What does it mean to say that trade barriers are examples of protectionism?

A

Trade barriers protect the interests of the home country

83
Q

Define a subsidy

A

Financial assistance paid to a business to help

84
Q

What is a criticism of subsidies?

A

It’s artificial and costly to the government

85
Q

What are the terms of Fair Trade? (4)

A

Farmers are paid better prices, have better working conditions, share in the profits and are not exploited.

86
Q

International trade

A

Exchange of goods and services between countries.

87
Q

Trade

A

The exchange of goods from producer to consumer.

88
Q

Why would exporting raw materials and importing manufactured goods create a trade deficit?

A

Raw materials sell at a cheaper price than manufactured goods, so LEDC’s will end up owing money rather than making it.

89
Q

Raw materials

A

The basic material a product is made of

90
Q

Why do we trade?

A

There is an uneven distribution of raw materials over the earth’s surface.

91
Q

What is the opposite of a trade deficit?

A

Trade surplus

92
Q

Terms of trade

A

The relationship between the price a country sells its exports for and the price it pays for its imports.

93
Q

Beneficial terms of trade

A

When a country sells its exports for more than it pays for its imports. This results in a positive balance of trade.

94
Q

Detrimental terms of trade

A

The country pays more for its imports than it sells in exports. This results in a negative balance of trade.

95
Q

Balance of trade

A

The relationship between the value of a country’s exports and its imports.

96
Q

In what way are countries that base their economies on the export of primary products vulnerable

A

They are vulnerable to frequent changes in world prices.

97
Q

What is balance of payment?

A

A summary of all payments made by a country to the rest of the world (a country’s accounts).

98
Q

GII

A

Global Innovation Index

99
Q

NGP

A

New Growth Path

100
Q

IDC

A

Industrial Development Corporation

101
Q

RDP

A

Reconstruction and Development Programme

102
Q

NGO

A

Non-governmental Organisation

103
Q

Give 3 examples of development projects

A

Infrastructure, housing, paying off debt, stimulating industy

104
Q

What can be improved to raise the standard of living?

A

Agriculture and industry

105
Q

What does increased industry lead to?

A

Urbanisation

106
Q

Who came up with the Multiplier Effect?

A

Gunnar Myrdal

107
Q

What does the multiplier effect state?

A

An export-led approach means the expansion of industry would have to be on a large scale. The “make more” effect results in the expansion of industry.

108
Q

How has China had huge economic development?

A

They increased their exports

109
Q

When China was a communist dictatorship, what was their main goal and how did they improve? What remained the same?

A

To transform China from an agricultural to an industrial country.

Education, healthcare and food supply improved.

People remained poor and isolated from the world.

110
Q

How did China become the world’s top exporter?

4

A

Communist controls removed - Capitalism embraced and economic growth stimulated

Trade restrictions relaxed and reduced

Consumer choice increased

Exports increased

111
Q

What policies opened foreign doors to investment?

A

Industrialisation and capitalism

112
Q

What is the meaning of ‘workshop of the world’?

A

Capable of producing anything

113
Q

Name 4 consequences of increased urbanisation

A

Over-crowding
Poverty
Pollution
Traffic conjestion

114
Q

What are the 6 future challenges that China could possibly face?

A

Lack of jobs in industry and services to for people from the agricultural sector (unemployment)

Lack of raw materials to keep factories going

HIV/ AIDS epidemic

Global market reacts badly to China’s Super Power status

Profits not spread to poor

A global economic crisis (e.g. recession) could impact China
(China in dependent, not self-sustaining)

115
Q

What is development aid (international aid/ foreign aid)?

A

The assistance given by foreign countries or organisations to support economic, social and environmental development and the standard of living in LEDC’s.

116
Q

What are the 3 types of development aid? (Also understand the differences)

A

Technical aid: skilled technological assistance (e.g. building a bridge)

Conditional aid: subject to specified conditions (e.g. road built if raw materials traded)

Humanitarian aid: improves living conditions (e.g. medical help/ skills training)

117
Q

What is the term for the following:

Aid that is collected by various aid agencies, and is given voluntarily by individuals and corporations

A

Voluntary aid

118
Q

What is the term for the following:

Authorised aid given from one country to another or from an international organisation to a country.

A

Official aid

119
Q

What is the term for the following:

Aid given directly from one country to another.

A

Bilateral aid

120
Q

What is the term for the following:

Aid given by a donor to an international organisation which distributes the aid amoung LEDC’s.

A

Multilateral aid

121
Q

Give 2 examples of international organisations which supply multilateral aid.

A

United Nations agencies
International Monetary Fund (IMF)
World Bank

122
Q

Name 4 positive impacts of foreign aid and co-operation

A

Developing countries benefit from expertise and modern technology of developed countries.

Natural resources can be extracted and exported

Big developments can occur and infrastructure can be improved, creating jobs and improving the GDP

Humanitarian and emergency aid saves lives

Skills and expertise are shared

123
Q

Name 5 negative impacts of foreign aid and co-operation

A

MEDC’s take advantage of being able to get natural resources from LEDC’s at a low price

Products made in MEDC’s are sold back to LEDC’s at high prices

Corruption can lead to officials or politicians benefitting instead of locals

Poor people can be exploited in terms of labour (e.g. Low wages and poor working conditions)

Loans have high interest rates which lock developing countries into high payments for years.

LEDC’s become dependent on MEDC’s

Political pressure: donor countries can feel they have the right to interfere with the affairs of recipient countries

124
Q

What does a carbon footprint refer to being released?

a) carbon
b) carbon dioxide
c) greenhouse gases

A

c) greenhouse gases

125
Q

What are the 3 ways in which development can occur in a country?

A

By the government
By private businesses
By a partnership between public departments and private businesses

126
Q

Why did the government launch the National Growth Plan (NGP)?
(3)

A

To create jobs, reduce poverty and reduce inequality ‼️

2011-2020

127
Q

What was the idea of the National Growth Plan?

A

To create jobs by focusing on labour-intensive sectors, thereby stimulating development and reducing unemployment.

128
Q

Name 3 labour-intensive sectors

A 
Infrastructure development 
Agriculture
Mining 
Manufacture
The green economy (e.g. using renewable energy)
129
Q

What can cause development projects to be unsuccessful?

A

Weak state control - a lack of appropriate planning

Corruption, bribery and nepotism (employing people you know)

Lack of management and support once projects have been launched.

130
Q

What is globalisation?

A

Systems linking all countries in the the world closer together. ‼️

131
Q

Name 4 positives of globalisation

A

Communication: the sharing of knowledge, networks and communications

Global governance: to minimise environmental damage

Open boarders: free movement

Transnational/ multinational Corporations (e.g. Apple, McDonald’s)

Economic growth: stimulating economic growth and increasing quality of life where possible

Migration: movement of people and more people involved in the global work force.

Trade: the liberalisation of trade and greater exchange of goods between countries around the globe

‼️Will need to give descriptions too

132
Q

Name 4 reasons for the anti-globalisation movement

A

Loss of family ties

Loss of cultural identity

Financial and environmental issues impact the entire globe

Diseases/ epidemics can be spread and become pandemics (e.g. HIV/AIDS, ebola)

Geography (12 decks)

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