Gr.11 Development (T3) Flashcards
What 3 characteristics do the BRICS nations have in common?
- Developing/ newly development
- Large, fast-growing economies
- High influence
Name the BRICS nations
Brazil Russia India China South Africa
What are the 3 free market development models in chronological order?
Rostow's Development Model (1960) Friedmann's Core-periphery Model (1966) Sustainability Models (1990's-2000's)
What are the 5 stages of Rostow’s Development Model in sequence?
Traditional society Preconditions for Take-off Take-off Drive to maturity High-mass consumption
What are the characteristics of Traditional Society?
Subsistence-based agriculture
What are the characteristics of Preconditions for Take-off?
Technology improves and manufacture occurs
What are the characteristics of Take-off?
Growth of infrastructure and industry
What are the characteristics of Drive to Maturity?
Rapid urbanisation
What are the characteristics of High-mass consumption?
Export and shift to consumerism
Suggestion: make a diagram-worksheet for Rostow’s development model
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Name 3 of the limitations and criticisms of Rostow’s Development Model
🙂The model is based on West European countries. Not all countries go through all 5 stages. Some countries don’t see capitalism, industrialisation and modernisation as the ideal development path.
🙂Many countries remain at stage 1 despite time and wealth.
🙂Some people don’t see stage 5 as the goal for developing countries.
🙂The focus is on economic growth: to what extent does social and human development take place?
What is the limitation of Friedmann’s Core-Periphery Model?
Doesn’t consider the environmental or social aspects
What 2 parts does Friedmann’s Core-Periphery Model consist of and what role do they play in development?
A dominant core area (concentrated growth)
Less developed periphery (depends on core)
Development spreads from core to periphery
What are the 3 factors of the sustainability models?
Economy, society and environment
What do modern development models put first?
People and the environment
What is the Brandt Report?
An imaginary line that divides the world (generally) into the rich north and the poor south.
What does development refer to?
Characteristics that describe the stage a country has reached on economic, cultural, social and technological levels.
What are the 3 main ways that we divide the world into MEDC’s and LEDC’s?
Economically, socially and environmentally
What is the first indicator of a country’s wealth?
Whether the country is mainly involved in primary or has industrialised and is involved in secondary and tertiary activities.
Define GNI
(Gross National Income)
The total value of all goods and services produced in a country in a year including foreign earnings.
Define GDI
(Gross Domestic Income)
The total value of all goods and services produced in a country in a year.
Define GDI per capita
The total value of all goods and services produced in a country in a year per person
What do GNI/ GDI (per capita) not indicate?
The uneven spread of wealth
Define standard of living
This is the material well-being of a person; the value of their possessions, savings and type of home they live in.
Define quality of life
The general well-being of a person including standard of living but also affected by education, health care, services, environment, political and religious freedom etc.
Define development
The improvement in the standard of living, quality of life and well-being that happens when a country becomes richer
What is often the cause of development in a country?
The country develops its resources and produces goods and services
What is an NIC?
A newly industrialised country which changes to have a strong manufacturing sector.
What do many NIC’s take advantage of?
Cheap labour and land
What does the HDI of a country indicate?
(Human Development Index)
Indicates the level of human development (i.e. basic quality of life)
What 3 things are used to calculate HDI?
Life expectancy, GDI per capita and level of education (literacy levels)
(Health, wealth and education)
What HDI would indicate an almost perfect quality of life?
1
What does a country’s GINI-coefficient indicate?
How wealth is shared in a country
What GINI-coefficient score indicates complete equality?
0
Why does a greater equality of income indicate a more developed society (in theory)?
Fewer unemployed are relying on those who are earning
Name 4 social indicators
Can also be economic indicators
Percentage of people living in urban areas
Education and literacy levels
Available services
Status of women
What does the percentage of people living in urban areas indicate?
Level of secondary and tertiary activities vs primary activities in a country
What do education and literacy levels affect? (2)
Employment and the capacity to contribute to the GDI
What do demographic indicators do?
Give us information about the population of a country
Name at least 4 of the 7 demographic indicators
Birth rate Death rate Infant mortality rate Life expectancy Maternal mortality rate (deaths during childbirth) Population growth Fertility rate
Name 3 environmental indicators
Consumption of energy (resources)
Number of dams built
Percentage of conservation parks and national parks
Define sustainable development
Meeting the needs of present populations without compromising the opportunities open to future generations.
Define appropriate development
Technology suited to the local people and the environment in which they live.
What are the 5 Millennium Goals?
Eradicate poverty Reduce infant mortality Ensure primary education for all Promote gender equality Commit 0,7% of their GDP to foreign aid
Define PPP
(Purchasing Power Parity)
The GNI adjusted to the local cost of living.
How is human and social development determined?
HDI
GNI
PQLI
How is economic development determined?
GDI
GNI
PPP
What is PQLI?
(Physical quality of life index)
This shows the average of literacy, life expectancy and infant mortality
How is demographic development determined?
Life expectancy
Infant mortality
Define life expectancy
How long you can expect to live for
Define infant mortality
Number of deaths of infants per 1000 per year
Name 2 environmental things we have the right to according to the South African Bill of Rights.
An environment not harmful to our health and happiness
The prevention of environmental degradation
The promotion of conservation
When developing economically and socially, we must sustain the ecology of our natural resources
What does global mean?
International- between countries around the globe
What does regionally refer to?
An area- can involve more than one country
What does local refer to?
Within a country - can also be within a province
Describe development globally (2)
Developed countries have a rising unemployment rate.
Emerging economies like BRICS are becoming important economic powers.
Describe development regionally (1)
Fishing is an important economic activity
Describe development locally (3)
Unemployment in South Africa is at 25%
Mining of iron ore is lifting people out of poverty
Health care needs to be addressed, especially regarding HIV/AIDS
Define frameworks for development
Factors that affect development. Some factors aid development and others hinder it.
What are 5 of the 7 physical factors that affect development?
Natural resources Land fertility Climate Accessibility Flat or mountainous/hilly/marshy land Environmentally sound or harmful practices and policies Access to resources
What are 5 of the 9 human factors that affect development?
Industrialisation Infrastructure Technology Population growth rate Healthcare Mechanisation Access to resources, eg energy Literacy, education and training Governance- accountability and corruption
What are 3 political factors that affect development?
Political stability and war
History of colonialism
Wealth, loans and debt (economy)
Read through explanations of factors influencing development before a test. PowerPoint: Frameworks for Development
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What causes trade imbalances? (2)
Different amount of exports vs imports
Export primary products and import manufactured goods
Give 3 examples of gender inequality
Own less property Sexual abuse and violence Lower paying jobs- fewer in position of power Denied higher education No political representation Run the home
Define sustainability
Addressing the needs of the present while ensuring future needs are not put at risk
How can appropriate development be ensured?
Development must take into account the needs of the community. It must be bottom-up not top-down.
What is top-down development?
When the government decides what a community needs without consulting locals.
What is bottom-up development?
Development that occurs after consultation and representation from the locals.
What should companies be made accountable for?
Environmental damage and human rights violations
Name 4 types of trade
Free trade
Trade barriers
Subsidies
Fair trade
What is free trade?
Trade without interference from the government or any organisation
What are prices of commodities bas d on in free trade?
Supply and demand
Name 2 benefits of free trade
It promotes competition which brings down prices.
It strengthens relationships between countries
What is a trade bloc?
A group of countries that all benefit from trading without tariffs, e.g. EU
(Sometimes free trade areas agree to internal rules)
What are three negatives to free trade?
Local businesses could be threatened
Labour laws vary from country to country
Quality of goods is difficult to control
Name 5 trade barriers
Tariffs Quotas Customs Sanctions Subsidies
Define tariffs
Taxes collected by government on goods coming into a country
Define quotas
When governments restrict the amount of goods that can be imported/ exported from a country.
Define sanctions
Governments ‘punish’ another country with economic penalties, e.g. Boycotts and trade embargos (bans)
What do trade barriers protect in a country? (3)
Jobs
Local products from foreign competition
Initiative for entrepreneurship and industry
What does it mean to say that trade barriers are examples of protectionism?
Trade barriers protect the interests of the home country
Define a subsidy
Financial assistance paid to a business to help
What is a criticism of subsidies?
It’s artificial and costly to the government
What are the terms of Fair Trade? (4)
Farmers are paid better prices, have better working conditions, share in the profits and are not exploited.
International trade
Exchange of goods and services between countries.
Trade
The exchange of goods from producer to consumer.
Why would exporting raw materials and importing manufactured goods create a trade deficit?
Raw materials sell at a cheaper price than manufactured goods, so LEDC’s will end up owing money rather than making it.
Raw materials
The basic material a product is made of
Why do we trade?
There is an uneven distribution of raw materials over the earth’s surface.
What is the opposite of a trade deficit?
Trade surplus
Terms of trade
The relationship between the price a country sells its exports for and the price it pays for its imports.
Beneficial terms of trade
When a country sells its exports for more than it pays for its imports. This results in a positive balance of trade.
Detrimental terms of trade
The country pays more for its imports than it sells in exports. This results in a negative balance of trade.
Balance of trade
The relationship between the value of a country’s exports and its imports.
In what way are countries that base their economies on the export of primary products vulnerable
They are vulnerable to frequent changes in world prices.
What is balance of payment?
A summary of all payments made by a country to the rest of the world (a country’s accounts).
GII
Global Innovation Index
NGP
New Growth Path
IDC
Industrial Development Corporation
RDP
Reconstruction and Development Programme
NGO
Non-governmental Organisation
Give 3 examples of development projects
Infrastructure, housing, paying off debt, stimulating industy
What can be improved to raise the standard of living?
Agriculture and industry
What does increased industry lead to?
Urbanisation
Who came up with the Multiplier Effect?
Gunnar Myrdal
What does the multiplier effect state?
An export-led approach means the expansion of industry would have to be on a large scale. The “make more” effect results in the expansion of industry.
How has China had huge economic development?
They increased their exports
When China was a communist dictatorship, what was their main goal and how did they improve? What remained the same?
To transform China from an agricultural to an industrial country.
Education, healthcare and food supply improved.
People remained poor and isolated from the world.
How did China become the world’s top exporter?
4
Communist controls removed - Capitalism embraced and economic growth stimulated
Trade restrictions relaxed and reduced
Consumer choice increased
Exports increased
What policies opened foreign doors to investment?
Industrialisation and capitalism
What is the meaning of ‘workshop of the world’?
Capable of producing anything
Name 4 consequences of increased urbanisation
Over-crowding
Poverty
Pollution
Traffic conjestion
What are the 6 future challenges that China could possibly face?
Lack of jobs in industry and services to for people from the agricultural sector (unemployment)
Lack of raw materials to keep factories going
HIV/ AIDS epidemic
Global market reacts badly to China’s Super Power status
Profits not spread to poor
A global economic crisis (e.g. recession) could impact China
(China in dependent, not self-sustaining)
What is development aid (international aid/ foreign aid)?
The assistance given by foreign countries or organisations to support economic, social and environmental development and the standard of living in LEDC’s.
What are the 3 types of development aid? (Also understand the differences)
Technical aid: skilled technological assistance (e.g. building a bridge)
Conditional aid: subject to specified conditions (e.g. road built if raw materials traded)
Humanitarian aid: improves living conditions (e.g. medical help/ skills training)
What is the term for the following:
Aid that is collected by various aid agencies, and is given voluntarily by individuals and corporations
Voluntary aid
What is the term for the following:
Authorised aid given from one country to another or from an international organisation to a country.
Official aid
What is the term for the following:
Aid given directly from one country to another.
Bilateral aid
What is the term for the following:
Aid given by a donor to an international organisation which distributes the aid amoung LEDC’s.
Multilateral aid
Give 2 examples of international organisations which supply multilateral aid.
United Nations agencies
International Monetary Fund (IMF)
World Bank
Name 4 positive impacts of foreign aid and co-operation
Developing countries benefit from expertise and modern technology of developed countries.
Natural resources can be extracted and exported
Big developments can occur and infrastructure can be improved, creating jobs and improving the GDP
Humanitarian and emergency aid saves lives
Skills and expertise are shared
Name 5 negative impacts of foreign aid and co-operation
MEDC’s take advantage of being able to get natural resources from LEDC’s at a low price
Products made in MEDC’s are sold back to LEDC’s at high prices
Corruption can lead to officials or politicians benefitting instead of locals
Poor people can be exploited in terms of labour (e.g. Low wages and poor working conditions)
Loans have high interest rates which lock developing countries into high payments for years.
LEDC’s become dependent on MEDC’s
Political pressure: donor countries can feel they have the right to interfere with the affairs of recipient countries
What does a carbon footprint refer to being released?
a) carbon
b) carbon dioxide
c) greenhouse gases
c) greenhouse gases
What are the 3 ways in which development can occur in a country?
By the government
By private businesses
By a partnership between public departments and private businesses
Why did the government launch the National Growth Plan (NGP)?
(3)
To create jobs, reduce poverty and reduce inequality ‼️
2011-2020
What was the idea of the National Growth Plan?
To create jobs by focusing on labour-intensive sectors, thereby stimulating development and reducing unemployment.
Name 3 labour-intensive sectors
Infrastructure development Agriculture Mining Manufacture The green economy (e.g. using renewable energy)
What can cause development projects to be unsuccessful?
Weak state control - a lack of appropriate planning
Corruption, bribery and nepotism (employing people you know)
Lack of management and support once projects have been launched.
What is globalisation?
Systems linking all countries in the the world closer together. ‼️
Name 4 positives of globalisation
Communication: the sharing of knowledge, networks and communications
Global governance: to minimise environmental damage
Open boarders: free movement
Transnational/ multinational Corporations (e.g. Apple, McDonald’s)
Economic growth: stimulating economic growth and increasing quality of life where possible
Migration: movement of people and more people involved in the global work force.
Trade: the liberalisation of trade and greater exchange of goods between countries around the globe
‼️Will need to give descriptions too
Name 4 reasons for the anti-globalisation movement
Loss of family ties
Loss of cultural identity
Financial and environmental issues impact the entire globe
Diseases/ epidemics can be spread and become pandemics (e.g. HIV/AIDS, ebola)
