gr 10 test cells/microscope bio test Flashcards
eyepiece (ocular lens)
the lens that you look through with your eye and it also magnifies by 10X
Objective Lenses: Low, Medium and High Power
the second lens that magnify by 4X, 10X or 40X (the first lens is the eyepiece)
stage
slides are placed on this platform/
it supports the specimen being viewed
arm
used to transport the microscope and holds th eeyepice
coarse adjustment knob
big knob that moves stage up and down to help you focus
NEVER use this when viewing on high power
fine adjustment knob
small knob that moves the stage up and down to help you sharply focus (your eyes cannot pick up the stage moving, but it’s moving!)
stage clips
used to keep the slide in place on the stage
nose piece
Is the thing that holds the objective lenses
base
the bottom of the microscope,
used to safely transport the microscope
diaphragm
Knob where the light shines can adjust the amount of light passing through the slide
total magnification
The power of a microscope, found by multiplying the power of the eyepiece by the power of the objective lens.
slide
rectangular glass plate on which the specimen is mounted
field-of-view
The circle that you see when you look through the microscope. Higher magnification = smaller F.O.V. in mm or µm
cover slip
goes on top of the slide to from a wet mount slide
Nucleus
Only in Eukaryotic cells. Contains the cell’s DNA and controls the cell’s activities. Sometimes called the “brain” of the cell.
Prokaryotes
Cells without a nucleus and without complex organelles
Eukaryotes
Cells with a nucleus and with complex organelles
organelle
A tiny cell structure that carries out a specific function within the cell
DNA
the genetic information that makes up the chromosomes. Found inside the nucleus.
Unicellular
single-celled organisms like bacteria
3 rules of cell theory
1) all living things are made up of cells
2) Cells are the basic units of strucure and function in living things (smallest living things)
3) All cells come from preexisting cells through cell division.
Mitochondria
“Powerhouse” or “Energy producer”; makes ATP through cell respiration
Vesicles
Like vacoucles for animal cells. More of them and smaller in animal cells
Vacuole
“warehouse,” stores food, water, waste; larger in plant cells
Lysosome
An organelle containing digestive enzymes. Helps with the breakdown of many different substances. Recycles and trashes old worn out parts etc
Waste disposal
Ribosome
Makes/synthisysing protiens
Golgi body
Membrane-bound structure with a single membrane. It packages proteins for transport in the cell. Post office or Fed ex!
Cytoskeleton
A network of fibers that holds the cell together, helps the cell to keep its shape, and aids in movement
Cell Wall
Gives support and protection to cell; made of cellulose in plants.
Cell Membrane
“Border control”, controls what comes in and out of the cell; maintains homeostasis; all cell types
Chloroplasts
Where photosynthesis occurs; in plant cells only
Cytoplasm
Jelly-like substance the cell organelles float in
Nucleolus
A ribosome making organelle, found in the nucleus.
Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum
Continuation of the outer nuclear membrane, responsible for production of hormones and other secretory products. Considered a highway for the cell.
Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum
Ribosomes are attached to the surface of this endoplasmic reticulum. It is responsible for sending proteins to the Golgi body.
What is interphase
First stage
Baiscly when the cell is normal
What is mitosis
Second stage
4 stages
Prophase:Chromosomes condense
Metaphase: Chromosomes line up in the middle
Anaphase: Spindle fibres pull them to diffrent sides
Telophase: Cell streches and has 2 nueclei
What is cytokinesis
Final stage Cell is connected in the middle about to split has somehting where it is gonna split is called cleavage furrow
What is a zygote
When an egg and sperm cell come together during fertilization, they create a single cell that contains enough DNA for a multicellular specimen to survive whcih is called a zygote
How do zygotes develop
The zygote cell will grow and develop through the stages of he cell cycle, eventually creating a ball of duplicated cells called a blastocyst
Note: all of the cells in the blastula mitosis and therefore have the exact same DNA.
This is called a blastocyst
How do blastocyst’s change
Over time the cells within the blastocyst will start to differentiate because their environmental conditions will differ.
Cell differentiation vs Cell specialization
Cell Differentiation:
When cells become physically different from one another
E.g. sperm cells have a flagella to help them move and lots of mitochondria for energy. APERANCE
CHANGES
Cell Specialization:
When cells carry out specific functions
E.g. the sperm cell has the ability to move using the flagella in order to fertilize the egg cell. HOW THEY USE THE APERANCE CHANGE
What are the Types of specialized and differentation cells
Red blood cell
Differentiation:
Contains protein and has a bowl shape which enables a higher surface area
Specialization:
Carries oxygen through the blood by allowing oxygen to bind to the hemoglobin
Muscle Cell
Differentiation:
Contain a lot of mitochondria which produces a lot of energy
Specialization:
Contract in order to pull and release bones for movement
Nerve Cells
Differentiation:
Contain a high concentration of salt which allows electrical charges to travel along them
long and thin so span long distances
Specialization:
Conduct electrical impulses for communication
What are stem cells
Cells that are not specialized and can become specialized for a particular need
What are the 3 types of stem cells
Embryonic stem cells:
Found within inner cells of a blastocyst during embryo development before cells specialize required embryos to be destroyed.
Adult stem cells:
Undifferentiated body cells found throughout the human body
Are used in the human body for growth and to regenerate cells that are damaged
Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells :
Adult body cells that are reprogramed for a different purpose.
New process may cause cancer
Centrioles
Two barrel or rod shaped organelles that make microtubules or the spindle for cell division.
