gr 10 test cells/microscope bio test Flashcards

(46 cards)

1
Q

eyepiece (ocular lens)

A

the lens that you look through with your eye and it also magnifies by 10X

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2
Q

Objective Lenses: Low, Medium and High Power

A

the second lens that magnify by 4X, 10X or 40X (the first lens is the eyepiece)

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3
Q

stage

A

slides are placed on this platform/
it supports the specimen being viewed

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4
Q

arm

A

used to transport the microscope and holds th eeyepice

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5
Q

coarse adjustment knob

A

big knob that moves stage up and down to help you focus

NEVER use this when viewing on high power

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6
Q

fine adjustment knob

A

small knob that moves the stage up and down to help you sharply focus (your eyes cannot pick up the stage moving, but it’s moving!)

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7
Q

stage clips

A

used to keep the slide in place on the stage

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8
Q

nose piece

A

Is the thing that holds the objective lenses

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9
Q

base

A

the bottom of the microscope,
used to safely transport the microscope

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10
Q

diaphragm

A

Knob where the light shines can adjust the amount of light passing through the slide

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11
Q

total magnification

A

The power of a microscope, found by multiplying the power of the eyepiece by the power of the objective lens.

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12
Q

slide

A

rectangular glass plate on which the specimen is mounted

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13
Q

field-of-view

A

The circle that you see when you look through the microscope. Higher magnification = smaller F.O.V. in mm or µm

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14
Q

cover slip

A

goes on top of the slide to from a wet mount slide

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15
Q

Nucleus

A

Only in Eukaryotic cells. Contains the cell’s DNA and controls the cell’s activities. Sometimes called the “brain” of the cell.

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16
Q

Prokaryotes

A

Cells without a nucleus and without complex organelles

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17
Q

Eukaryotes

A

Cells with a nucleus and with complex organelles

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18
Q

organelle

A

A tiny cell structure that carries out a specific function within the cell

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19
Q

DNA

A

the genetic information that makes up the chromosomes. Found inside the nucleus.

20
Q

Unicellular

A

single-celled organisms like bacteria

21
Q

3 rules of cell theory

A

1) all living things are made up of cells
2) Cells are the basic units of strucure and function in living things (smallest living things)
3) All cells come from preexisting cells through cell division.

22
Q

Mitochondria

A

“Powerhouse” or “Energy producer”; makes ATP through cell respiration

23
Q

Vesicles

A

Like vacoucles for animal cells. More of them and smaller in animal cells

24
Q

Vacuole

A

“warehouse,” stores food, water, waste; larger in plant cells

25
Lysosome
An organelle containing digestive enzymes. Helps with the breakdown of many different substances. Recycles and trashes old worn out parts etc Waste disposal
26
Ribosome
Makes/synthisysing protiens
27
Golgi body
Membrane-bound structure with a single membrane. It packages proteins for transport in the cell. Post office or Fed ex!
28
Cytoskeleton
A network of fibers that holds the cell together, helps the cell to keep its shape, and aids in movement
29
Cell Wall
Gives support and protection to cell; made of cellulose in plants.
30
Cell Membrane
"Border control", controls what comes in and out of the cell; maintains homeostasis; all cell types
31
Chloroplasts
Where photosynthesis occurs; in plant cells only
32
Cytoplasm
Jelly-like substance the cell organelles float in
33
Nucleolus
A ribosome making organelle, found in the nucleus.
34
Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum
Continuation of the outer nuclear membrane, responsible for production of hormones and other secretory products. Considered a highway for the cell.
35
Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum
Ribosomes are attached to the surface of this endoplasmic reticulum. It is responsible for sending proteins to the Golgi body.
36
What is interphase
First stage Baiscly when the cell is normal
37
What is mitosis
Second stage 4 stages Prophase:Chromosomes condense Metaphase: Chromosomes line up in the middle Anaphase: Spindle fibres pull them to diffrent sides Telophase: Cell streches and has 2 nueclei
38
What is cytokinesis
Final stage Cell is connected in the middle about to split has somehting where it is gonna split is called cleavage furrow
39
What is a zygote
When an egg and sperm cell come together during fertilization, they create a single cell that contains enough DNA for a multicellular specimen to survive whcih is called a zygote
40
How do zygotes develop
The zygote cell will grow and develop through the stages of he cell cycle, eventually creating a ball of duplicated cells called a blastocyst Note: all of the cells in the blastula mitosis and therefore have the exact same DNA. This is called a blastocyst
41
How do blastocyst's change
Over time the cells within the blastocyst will start to differentiate because their environmental conditions will differ.
42
Cell differentiation vs Cell specialization
Cell Differentiation: When cells become physically different from one another E.g. sperm cells have a flagella to help them move and lots of mitochondria for energy. APERANCE CHANGES Cell Specialization: When cells carry out specific functions E.g. the sperm cell has the ability to move using the flagella in order to fertilize the egg cell. HOW THEY USE THE APERANCE CHANGE
43
What are the Types of specialized and differentation cells
Red blood cell Differentiation: Contains protein and has a bowl shape which enables a higher surface area Specialization: Carries oxygen through the blood by allowing oxygen to bind to the hemoglobin Muscle Cell Differentiation: Contain a lot of mitochondria which produces a lot of energy Specialization: Contract in order to pull and release bones for movement Nerve Cells Differentiation: Contain a high concentration of salt which allows electrical charges to travel along them long and thin so span long distances Specialization: Conduct electrical impulses for communication
44
What are stem cells
Cells that are not specialized and can become specialized for a particular need
45
What are the 3 types of stem cells
Embryonic stem cells: Found within inner cells of a blastocyst during embryo development before cells specialize required embryos to be destroyed. Adult stem cells: Undifferentiated body cells found throughout the human body Are used in the human body for growth and to regenerate cells that are damaged Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells : Adult body cells that are reprogramed for a different purpose. New process may cause cancer
46
Centrioles
Two barrel or rod shaped organelles that make microtubules or the spindle for cell division.