Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM


Top Flashcards (Certified)
All Flashcards

Phase 3a - Arun&Erin > GP > Flashcards

GP Flashcards

(64 cards)

Start Studying
1
Q

Defintion: equity

A

Abscence of unfair and avoidable differences in health among the population - “creating an even playing field” i.e adjusting for disadvantages groups

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Definition: equality

A

Equal access for all patients

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Three domains of public heath

A
  1. Healthcare improvement - reducing inequalities
  2. Health protection - minimise and control disease risk
  3. Health care - delivering safe services
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Examples of health improvement

A

Improving:
-education
-housing
-lifestyles e.g diet, exercise

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Examples of health protection

A

Minimising issues to do with
-chemicals
-radiation
-environamental health
-emergency response

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

What is primary prevention in public health

A

Trying to avoid or remove the cause of a health problem before it arises
e.g recreational substance misuse give education

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

What is secondary prevention for public health

A

Preventing progression of health problem at an early stage
e.g substance abuse providing needles that are safe

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

What is tertiary prevention public health

A

Preventing worst outcome or complications from a health problem

E.g diabetes check insulin regularly and check feet for ulcers

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Difference between horizontal and vertical equity

A

Horizontal -people with equal needs should be treated the same

Vertical - people with greater clinical needs should have more intervention

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

What are the three approaches to health assessment

A

Epidemiological

Corporate

Comparative

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

What is an epidemiological approach to health needs

A

Considering the illness in terms of things like incidence, prvelance and mortality

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

What is a corporate approach to health needs

A

Getting a Systematic collection of knowledge and views from people working in health e.g GPs

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

What is a comparative approach to health needs

A

comparing health performance across or between communities, disease groups + service providers.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Definition: domestic abuse

A

incidents of controlling, coercive, threatening behaviour, violence or abuse between those aged 16 or over who are:
intimate partners
family members
Regardless of sexuality or gender

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

What the framework questions for domestic abuse

A

HARK - in the last year have you been?

Humiliation: humiliated or emotionally abused in other ways by your partner?

•Afraid: “In the last year have you been afraid of your partner or ex-partner?

•Rape: “In the last year have you been raped by your partner or forced to have any kind of sexual activity?”

•Kick: In the last year have you been physically hurt by your partner?

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

What is the health belief model

A

A model that claims people will change if:

• Believe they are susceptible to the condition in question

• Believe that it has serious consequences

• Believe that taking action reduces susceptibility

• Believe that the benefits of taking action outweigh the cost

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Cons of the health belief model

A
  • alternative factors may predict health behaviour such as a persons own belief in their ability to carry out preventative measure

-model doesnt take into account emotional or behavioural influence

-model doesnt differentiate between first time and repeat behaviour

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

What this theory of planned behaviour

A

A model that proposes that the Best predictor of behaviour is INTENTION which is determined by :

-persons attitude
-perceived social presssure/ subjective norm
-persons belief in their own ability to perform the behaviour

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

Cons of theory of planned behaviour

A

-lack of temporal element and causality

-doesnt take into account emotions such as fear which may disrupt rational decision making

-doesnt take into account habits and routine which bypass cognitive deliberation

-you cant measure or assume subjective norms

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

Stages of trans theoretical model

A

• Precontemplation– no intention of giving up smoking

• Contemplation – beginning to consider giving up, probably at some
ill-defined time in the future

• Preparation – getting ready to quit in the near future

• Action – engaged in giving up smoking now

• Maintenance – steady non-smoker,
i.e. state of change reached

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

Advantages of trans theoretical model

A

• Acknowledges individual stages
of readiness (tailored
interventions)

• Accounts for relapse

• Temporal element

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

Cons of trans theoretical model

A

-Not all people go through very stage, some people move backwards and forwards or miss
some stages out completely

• Change might operate on a
continuum rather than in discrete
stages

• Doesn’t take in to account values,
habits, emotions, culture, social
and economic factors

• People often change their
behaviour in the absence of
planning/ intentions can change
over a very short time period

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

What are the three health behaviours

A

Health behaviours - prevention
Illness behaviours - seek remedy
Sick role behaviours - behaviour in order to get better e.g rest and fluid

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

Equation for specificity

A

Total negative results / (total negative + false positives)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Validity meaning
whether a test accurately measures what it is supposed to measure.
26
Reliability meaning
Reliability is used in statistics to imply consistency of a measure.
27
Determinant of health examples
PROGRESS P- place of residence R- race O- occupation G- gender R- religion E- education S- sociocapital status S- socioeconomic status
28
What is maxwells dimensions of the quality of healthcare
Used to assess the quality of healthcare 3As and 3Es A-acceptability A-accessibility A-appropriateness E- effectiveness E-efficiency E- equity
29
What is the donabedian framework of health service evaluation
Assessment of wether a service achieve sits outcome Structure - what actually is the service Process - how does this process work Outcome - 5Ds death, disease, disability, discomfort, dissatisfaction
30
What is a need
The ability to benefit from an intervention
31
What is a demand What is a supply
Demand -What people ask for Supply -What is provided
32
4 types of need in health need assessment
Felt need -individual perceptions of variation from normal health Expressed need - individual seeks helps to overcome variation in normal health Normative need - professional defines intervention appropriate for the expressed need Comparative need - comparison between severity, range of interventions and cost
33
List from bottom to top mallows hierarchy of needs
1. -physiological - e.g food and water 2. -safety - e.g security of body/ employment 3. -love/belonging - e.g friendship, sexual intimacy 4. -esteem - e.g self esteem, confidence, respect of others 5. -self actualisation - e.g morality, creativity, problem solving
34
What is a egalitarian method of resource allocation
Provides all the care that is necessary and required to everyone Advantage - equal for all Disadvantages - economically restricted
35
What is a maximising resource allocation method
Allocation Based solely on consequence Advantage - people who need it most, most likely to benefit Disadvantage - those with ‘less need’ receive nothing
36
What is libertarian resource allocation
Each individual is responsible for own health Advantage -onus on patient therefore may be more engaged Disadvantage -not all diseases are self inflicted
37
Definition of epidemiology
The study of the frequency, distribution and determinants of diseases and health-related states in populations in order to prevent and control disease.
38
What is the definition of incidence
Number of new cases in population in period of time
39
Definition: prevalence
Number of existing cases in a population at a point in time
40
Difference between absolute and relative risk
Absolute risk – gives a feel for actual numbers involved and has units Relative risk – risk in one category relative to another with no units
41
What is attributable risk
Attributable risk – rate of disease in the exposed that may be attributed to exposure
42
Defintion for bias
a systemic deviation from the true estimation of the associated between exposure and outcome (it is an example of a systematic error)
43
What is selection bias
- type of bias that results from improper selection of a cohort that does not closely represent the greater population for which the study aims to be applicable. - It can also result from inadequate randomization into separate study groups E.g lost to follow up
44
Information bias definition
Error in observer’s recall and reporting, participant, instrument wrongLy calibrated
45
What is publication bias
Trials with negative results are less likely to be published
46
What is length time bias
disease that progresses more slowly/ are benign are more likely to be picked up by screening which makes it appear that screening lengthens life
47
What is lead time bias
Early identification doesn’t alter the outcome but appears to increase survival as the patient has the disease identified earlier than normal
48
What is is the Bradford hill criteria (9)
Assesses causality between two things based on 9 criteria -Strength - The strength of the association - Dose-response – does a higher exposure produce higher incidence? - Consistency – similar results in different studies and populations - Temporality – does the exposure precede the outcome - Reversibility – removing exposure reduced risk of disease - Biological plausibility – does it make sense biologically - Coherence – logical consistency with lab information e.g. incidence of lung cancer with increased smoking is consistent with lab evidence that tobacco is carcinogenic - Analogy – similarity with other established cause-effect relationships in the past e.g. thalidomide in pregnancy, not other teratogenic drugs show similar effects - Specificity – Relationship is specific to the outcome of interest e.g. introducing helmets reduced head injuries specifically, it wasn’t that there has been an overall lower injury rate
49
What is prevention paradox
A preventative measure which brings much benefit to the population but offers little to each participating individual ” E.g. If all wore their car seat belts on every journey throughout their working lives, would save lives as a population
50
What is Wilson and junger criteria for screening
1. The condition - an important condition - knowledge on the condition 2. Screening programme - should be cost effective - ongoing not just one off 3. The test -simple, safe and precise screening test -people should be willing to do it population wide -agreed policy on further diagnostic procedures done with positive test result 4.the treatment - disease has an accepted treatment -enough facilities -agreed threshold on who to treat
51
Equation for positive predictive value
TP/ TP+FP Proportion of people with positive test that actually have disease
52
Equation for sensitivity
TP/TP+FN proportion of people with the disease who are correctly idenitified by screening test
53
Bolam rule
Would a doctor do the same
54
Bolitho rule
Would that be reasonable
55
What age can never consent to sex legally
Under 13s
56
Fours dimensions of food insecurity
Availability/affordability Access Utilisation - can they prepare the food Stability of the above three over time
57
Defintion of food insecurity
experiencing one or more of the following: -Having smaller meals than usual or skipping meals -Being hungry but not eating -Not eating for a whole day due to being unable to afford or get access to food.
58
What is malnutrition
deficiencies, excesses or imbalances in a person’s intake of energy and/ or nutrient
59
What is triple burden for malnutrition
Overweight Underweight Micronutrient deficiencies
60
Benefits of breastfeeding
-Acceptance of novel foods during weaning -Evidence to suggest that children who were breastfed are less picky eaters in childhood -Have a diet richer in fruit and vegetables if BF > 3 months
61
What is colostrum, fore milk and hind milk
Colostrum - 3 dy after birth Foremilk beginning of a feed (watery) Hindmilk end of a feed (> energy dense)
62
Why do you not stop statins
associated with a 33% increased risk of admission for a cardiovascular event in 75-year-old primary prevention patients
63
Problems of polypharmacy
•The drug combination is hazardous because of interactions •The overall demands of medicine-taking, or ‘pill burden’, are unacceptable to the patient •These demands make it difficult to achieve clinically useful medication adherence (reducing the ‘pill burden’ to the most essential medicines is likely to be more beneficial) •Medicines are being prescribed to treat the side effects of other medicines
64

Phase 3a - Arun&Erin (16 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2025 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions