Gorilla Cards

Question 0

How can you determine how many miles per minute you are traveling?

Answer 0

Groundspeed divided by 60 equal x miles per minute.

Question 1

.8 mach equals how many miles a minute?

Answer 1

8 miles a minute

Question 2

How do you determine when to start your descent?

Answer 2

Altitude to lose divided by 1000 times three equal distance to start descent.

There are three basic methods to calculate enroute descents : the three to one rule, constant descent rate, and the pitch attitude solution.

The three to one rule means that you plan to fly three nautical miles for every one thousand feet of altitude. Take the altitude you need to lose and multiply by three. To use this method the aircraft needs to maintain a constant mach number or constant indicated airspeed. This gives you a descent gradient of 333 feet per nautical mile. If you divide the flight altitude in hundreds of feet by three, the descent gradient will be 300 feet per nautical mile.

If you are given an airspeed to slow add one additional nautical mile per ten knots to your distance. The constant descent rate is best used in high speed piston aircraft or turboprops. With this method you take the altitude you need to lose and divide by say 2000 feet per minute (if that is the rate you would normally descend) and come up with the number of minutes that it would take to descend. Then calculate the distance traveled during the time required to make the constant rate of descent. For example, traveling 180 knots ground speed is three miles per minute. Three miles per minute times the amount of miles required to descend will equal how far out to start your descent.

Question 3

Define specific range:

Answer 3

Nautical miles flown divided by 1000 equal TAS times 1000 divided by fuel flow in pounds per hour. (SR = TAS/FF = mph/pph = NM/LB)

Question 4

Define specific endurance:

Answer 4

flight time divided by fuel flow in pounds per hour.

Question 5

Define specific fuel consumption:

Answer 5

fuel flow divided by thrust in pounds per hour.

Question 6

Calculate VDP for a non precision approach:

Answer 6

If DME:

MDA (HAT) divided by 300 equal distance from runway in miles.

If timing:

MDA (HAT) times 10 percent equal time from missed approach point.

Question 7

Know how to compute your descent rate on an ILS:

Answer 7

GS (groundspeed) times five equal VSI in feet per minute.

Question 8

The speed of sound varies with:

Answer 8

temperature.

Question 9

As temperature increases the speed of sound:

Answer 9

increases.

Question 10

As temperature increases the true airspeed:

Answer 10

increases for a given altitude.

Question 11

Mach 0.1 equals what speed in miles per minute?

Answer 11

one mile a minute.

Question 12

Sixty to one rule:

Answer 12

at sixty DME each radial equals one mile.

Question 13

How would you determine a Standard Rate Turn?:

Answer 13

Bank angle = (TAS/10) X 1.5;

turn radius = TAS/200.

Question 14

How is TAS determined?

Answer 14

TAS = IAS + (MSL) X 2%. (e.g., 250kts @ 10,000ft = 250 + 20% (50) = 300 TAS)

Question 15

Define Va:

Answer 15

VA design maneuvering speed

(stalling speed at the maximum legal G-force, and hence the maximum speed at which abrupt, full deflection, control inputs will not cause the aircraft to exceed its G-force limit).

Maneuvering speed is limited by aircraft structural characteristics. With the Cirrus SR20 and SR22, this speed is also known as VO

Question 16

Define Vfe:

Answer 16

VFE - maximum flap extended speed

a different maximum speed may be specified for partial flap extension

Question 17

Define Vle:

Answer 17

Vle - maximum landing gear extended speed.

The maximum speed at which the aircraft may be flown with the landing gear extended.

Vle is typically higher than Vlo

Question 18

Define Vlo:

Answer 18

Vlo - maximum landing gear operating speed.

The maximum speed at which the aircraft may be flying while raising or lowering the gear (because of possible G-loading in climbout).

Although Vlo is designated as one speed, in most cases it will have both an extention and retraction speed.

Many aircraft can extend the gear at Vle, but must retract the gear at a lower speed.

For example: The Piper Seminole can extend the gear at its Vle of 140 but must be below 109 to retract the gear, thus Vlo is read as 109,140 instead of a single airspeed.

Question 19

Define VMC or VMCA:

Answer 19

VMC or VMCA - Minimum control speed with the critical engine inoperative.

The speed below which, control will be lost, normally due to roll or yaw divergence.

In initial aircraft type testing and certification, this is tested at a safe height above ground and, when established, is factored in to V2 (which see) that by regulation has a set margin over Vmca and also over Vs.

Question 20

Define Vne:

Answer 20

VNE , or the never exceed speed, of an aircraft is the V speed which refers to the velocity that should never be exceeded due to risk of structural failure, due to calculated factors such as wing or tail deformation or due to aeroelastic ‘flutter’ (unstable airframe or control oscillation).

VNE is specified as a red line on many airspeed indicators. This speed is specific to the aircraft model, and represents the edge of its performance envelope in terms of speed.

Well below the speed of sound, the VNE is read as Indicated Air Speed (IAS), since the pitot indication is a direct measure of the dynamic pressure for any given airspeed.

At altitude, where TAS is higher than IAS, aerodynamic damping is weaker than at lower levels (damping is proportional to IAS) whereas inertia-induced disturbances are stronger (inertia grows with acceleration, which is the time derivative of TAS).

This condition, if continued beyond tested limits, pre-disposes to unstable oscillations or ‘flutter’.

For instance, the TAS/IAS ratio at 40,000 ft on the ICAO ISA is 2:1, that is, TAS is approximately twice IAS.

Question 21

Define Vr:

Answer 21

VR - rotation speed.

The speed of an aircraft at which the pilot initiates rotation to obtain the scheduled takeoff performance.

It must be greater or equal to the V1 speed.

Question 22

Define VNO:

Answer 22

VNO - The VNO of an aircraft is known as the maximum structural cruising speed (the maximum speed to be used in turbulent conditions) or can refer to the velocity of normal operation.

VNO is specified as the upper limit of the green arc on many airspeed indicators.

This speed is specific to the aircraft model.

The range above VNO is marked on the airspeed indicator as a yellow arc from VNO to the VNE.

Question 23

Define Vref:

Answer 23

Vref - Reference landing approach speed; speed (in calm air) at the landing screen height of 50 ft.

Often used by pilots as a base from which to calculate speeds to be used during landing, and calculated as a margin over the stall speed - usually 1.3×Vso.

Question 24

Define Vs:

Answer 24

Vs - The stalling speed or the minimum steady flight speed at which the airplane is controllable.

Usually synonymous with VS1.

This speed is specific to the aircraft model and depends upon the weight and balance of the aircraft.

The true stall speed increases as atmospheric pressure decreases. (i.e. as temperature increases and/or as altitude increases.)

The indicated stall speed, i.e. the speed indicated by the airspeed indicator, remains essentially unchanged with air pressure.

Question 25

Define Vso:

Answer 25

Vso - The stalling speed or the minimum steady flight speed in the landing configuration.

Question 26

Define VS1:

Answer 26

VS1 - The stalling speed or the minimum steady flight speed obtained in a specific configuration (usually a configuration “clean” of flaps, landing gear and other sources of drag).

Question 27

Define Vx:

Answer 27

VX - The speed for best angle of climb.

This provides the best altitude gain per unit of horizontal distance, and is usually used for clearing obstacles during takeoff.

Question 28

Define Vy:

Answer 28

Vy - The speed for best rate of climb.

This provides the best altitude gain per unit of time.