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pathology > GONADS > Flashcards

GONADS Flashcards

1
Q

What’s the functional unit if an ovary

A

A follicle

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2
Q

What’s an ovary

A

It’s an oocyte surrounded by granulosa and theca cells

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3
Q

What causes theca cells to produce androgens

A

LH - Luteinising hormone

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4
Q

What causes granulosa to take androgen

A

FSH- follicle stimulating hormone

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5
Q

What does the granulosa convert the androgen to

A

Estrogen

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6
Q

What does the eastrogen produced by the granulosa do

A

It hits the oocyte and causes it to mature as well as it causes the endometrium to enter the proliferative phase

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7
Q

What happens to residual follicles after ovulation

A

Becomes the corpus luteum

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8
Q

What does the corpus loteum do

A

Primarily secretes progesterone, preparing endometrium for maintenance of a possible pregnancy

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9
Q

What can hemorrhage in the corpus loteum do

A

It can result in hemorrahic luteal cyst

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10
Q

What happens when there is degranulation of follicle

A

follicular cysts

Usually females have 1-2/3 follicular cysts

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11
Q
  • multiple follicular cysts in ovary due to hormonal imbalance
  • characterised by increased Luteinizing hormone and decreased follicular stimulating hormone hormone
A

Polycystic ovarian disease (PCOD)

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12
Q

What happens in Polycystic ovarian disease (PCOD)

A

Due to high levels of LH -
The theca cells will secrete a shit ton of androgens and when it goes into blood -> it causes hirstrism(hair growth on face and arms etc) - the androgens will also go in to periphery in to adipose tissue and it will get converted in to estrons.

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13
Q

What is an estron

A

Estrogen produced by adipose tissue

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14
Q

What does estron do in the body

A

It will go feed in to the anterior pituitary and decrease production of FSH, hence granulosa cells won’t be able to convert the androgen-> leading to degeneration of follicle ( decrease in estrogen to maintain the follicle) and that all results in cyctic formation

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15
Q

Presents with Obese young women with infertility, oligomenorrhea and hirsutism

  • some patients have insulin resistance
  • high circulating estrone levels -> increase risk of emdometrial carcinoma decreased
A

Polycystic ovarian disease

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16
Q

What are the 3 layers of the ovary

A

Surface epithelium
Her cell
Sex cord stroma

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17
Q

Where can a tumor arise from in the ovary

A

All three layers of the ovary

Surface epithelium
Her cell
Sex cord stroma

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18
Q

What’s the most common type of ovarian tumors

A

Surface epithelial tumours

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19
Q

What are surface epithelial tumors derived from

A

Coelomic epithelium that lines the ovary( coelomic epithelium can produce different types of epithelium)

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20
Q

What are the 2 most common Types of epithelial tumours

A

Serous and mucinous and both are usual cystic—> can be benign or malignant or border line tumours

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21
Q
  • benign tumour of epithelium of the ovary
  • can be mucinous or serous
  • composed of single cyst with simple flat lining
  • most commonly arises in premenopausal women(30-40 years old)
A

Cyst adenoma

22
Q

Malignant tumour of the epithelium layer of the ovary can by mucinous or serous

  • composed of complex cyst with thick shaggy lining
  • most commonly arises in post menopausal women 60-70 years old
A

Cyst adenocarcinoma

23
Q
  • tumour features in between benign and malignant tumours

- better prognosis than clearly malignant tumours but still carry metastatic potential

A

Borderline tumours

24
Q

BRCA 1 Mutation carriers

A

Have increased risk for SEROUS carcinoma of the ovary and Fallopian tube

25
Q

What are other types of surface epithelial tumours

A

Endometroid and Brenner tumour

26
Q
  • usually a malignant tumour of the surface epithelium

- associated with endometriosis of the ovary (chocolate cyst)

A

Endometrioid tumour of the ovary

-15% of people with endometrial carcinoma of the ovary will have separate endometriod carcinoma of the endometrium

27
Q

Tumour of the surface of the ovary that contains urothelium in the ovary

A

Brenner tumour

28
Q

Surface tumours present late —>

A
  • Vague abdominal symptoms (pain, fullness)
  • signs of compression
  • poor prognosis
  • epithelial carcinomas tend to spread locally especially to the peritoneum (shows omental caking)
29
Q

Which tumour marker does surface epithelial tumours release

A

CA-125 —> useful serum marker to monitor treatment response and screen recurrence

30
Q

What is the second most common ovarian tumour

A

Germ cell tumours (15%)

31
Q
  • usually occur in women of reproductive age (15-30 yes)

- tumour subtypes mimics tissues normally produced by germ cells.

A

Germ cell tumours

32
Q

Types of tumours of feral tissue

A

Cystic teratoma or emberyonal carcinoma

33
Q

Type of tumors in the yolk sac

A

Yolk sac tumour

34
Q

Type of tumours of germ cells

A

Dysgenioma

35
Q

Type of tumours of placenta

A

Choriocarcinoma

36
Q

What is the most common germ cell tumour in females

A

Cystic teratoma

37
Q
  • A tumour composed of fetal tissue derived from 2-3 embryologic layers, bilateral 10% of the cases.
  • Tumour is composed of (Bone, hair, teeth, gut …..)
  • benign (MATURE TERATOMA) but if there is immature tissue (neural ectoderm) it indicates malignancy or also somatic malignancy —> making it IMMATURE TERATOMA
A

Cystic teratoma

38
Q
  • Cystic teratoma composed primarily of thyroid tissue

- can also present with hyperthyroidism and mass in the ovary or

A

Monodermal teratoma (struma ovarian)

39
Q
  • a mass of a bunch egg like cells
  • composed of large cells with clear cytoplasm and central nuclei
  • most common malignant germ cell tumour
  • testicular counterpart is called seminoma
  • good prognosis responds to radiotherapy
  • serum LDH is elevated
A

Dysgerminoma

40
Q
  • malignant tumour that mimics yolk sac
  • most common germ cell tumour in children (a girl who’s 5years old)
  • serum AFP is elevated
  • schiller-duval bodies (glomeriliod-like structures)are seen on histology
A

Endoderm all sinus tumour

41
Q

-tumour composed of trophoblasts and syncytiotrophoblasts (villi are absent)
- high B-HCG (Human chorionic gonadotropin )
- small hemorrhagic tumour with early hematogenous spread (poor prognosis)
(Happens because trophoblasts are programmed from the beginning to invade)

A

Choriocarcinoma

42
Q
  • resembles granulosa cells theca cells, fibrous tissue and rarely sertoli/leydig cells
A

Sex cord stromal tumours

43
Q
  • neoplasm of granulosa and theca cells
  • often produces estrogen
  • presents with signs of estrogen excess (symptoms vary with age)
A

Granulosa theca cell tumour

44
Q
  • Sertoli cells from tubules
  • leydig cells contain a characteristic REINKE CRYSTALS.
  • may produce androgens, associated with hirsutism or virilization
A

Sertoli leydig tumour

45
Q

Benign tumour of fibroblasts

Associated with pleural effusions and ascites (meigs syndrome)

A

Fibroma

46
Q

Diffuse gastric carcinoma with finger shaped cells involved both ovaries primary involves only one

A

Kuckenberg tumour

47
Q

Metastasis means the cancer will be

A

Mucinous carcinoma

48
Q

A lot of mucus in peritoneum usually due to mucinous carcinoma of the appendix

A

Pseudomyxoma peritonei

49
Q

The implantation of a fertilised ovum in any other site than the uterus (90% of these cases is in the oviductal tubal pregnancy)

A

Ectopic pregnancy

50
Q
  • inflammation of the Fallopian tube with pus occurs as a part of PID.
  • scarring of the tube and increased risk of ectopic pregnancy
A

Supportive salpingitis

51
Q
  • most common benign Fallopian tube tumour

- mesothelial in origin

A

Adenomatoid tumour

52
Q
  • benign cysts arising from mullerian vestiges, below the Fallopian tube near fimbriae
  • no significance until it’s torted -> leleading to infarction
A

Hydatids of morgani

pathology (15 decks)

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