GoFluent - Coal-addicted Poland gears up for key UN climate talks Flashcards
smog:
dirty air that is composed of smoke and fog
Smog in the city is caused by pollution from vehicles and factories.
“… to say “No” to the smog choking their city.”
culprit:
a person or thing that causes something bad to happen
The ongoing road construction is the main culprit for the heavy traffic downtown.
“The culprit here is coal.”
households:
the people that compose a family or live in a house together
A safe and clean environment is among the basic needs of households.
“Around 25,000 households burn it in stoves for heating …”
hefty:
large or heavy
The winner of the science fair received a hefty cash prize for his invention.
“… meet its limits on CO2 emissions or Warsaw could face hefty fines.”
prematurely:
in a way that is too early or too soon
A new business could face problems if it is launched prematurely.
“… around 400 people die prematurely in Krakow each year due to air pollution.”
poised:
prepared and ready to do something
Investors are poised to set their focus on the city’s booming tourism.
“In Krakow, city officials are poised to ban households from using coal …”
reluctance:
the state of being doubtful or unwilling to do something
The client showed reluctance to accept the seller’s high price.
“… government will continue its support, despite reluctance in the rest of the European Union.”
Grammar tip: The modal “will”
Modals are helping verbs used to indicate degrees of possibility, ability, permission and obligation.
The modal will is most commonly used to express possibility. It is also used to express willingness and intention.
“In exchange, they will cover 90 percent of the cost of switching from coal-fired boilers to natural gas.”
“From now on, all new buildings will be connected to the city’s natural gas network.”
“… the Polish government will continue its support …”
Sometimes, it could also express a prediction.
“The mines will also have to work on safety too.”
More examples:
Marissa will finish her report at the end of the day.
The meeting will be over in a few minutes.
We are going to the park. Will you join us?
dirty air that is composed of smoke and fog
smog:
a person or thing that causes something bad to happen
culprit:
the people that compose a family or live in a house together
households:
large or heavy
hefty:
in a way that is too early or too soon
prematurely:
prepared and ready to do something
poised:
the state of being doubtful or unwilling to do something
reluctance:
