Glycosides

Question 1

a molecule in which a sugar is bound to another functional group via glycosidic bond

Answer 1

glycosides

Question 2

sugar portion of glycosides

Answer 2

glycone

Question 3

non-sugar portion of glycosides

Answer 3

aglycone

Question 4

pharmaceutically active portion of glycosides

Answer 4

non-sugar portion / aglycone

Question 5

enhances absorption, bioavailability & solubility in water of aglycone

Answer 5

sugar portion / glycone

Question 6

glycoside in ginseng

Answer 6

ginsenoside

Question 7

properties of glycosides

Answer 7

• Glycosides are solid and amorphous powder.
• They are colourless but some are coloured (Except Anthraquinone is red or
  orange, Flavonoids are yellow).
• They are water-soluble but insoluble in organic solvents.
• They are mostly bitter (Except Glycyrrhizin, Stevioside, Populin).
• They are odourless (Except Saponin glycoside).
• They are non-volatile.
• Many sugar-containing glycosides are insoluble in water but soluble in alcohol.
• They are hydrolysed by mineral acids or enzymes to form glycone and aglycone
  parts.
• The glycone part is water-soluble whereas the aglycone part is alcohol soluble.
• After hydrolysis, they react with Molash’s reagent and Fehling’s test.

Question 8

classification of glycosides

Answer 8

based on:
-linkage
-nature of glycone
-nature of aglycone
-therapeutic activity

Question 9

based on linkage:
-sugar molecule is combined with phenol or -OH group of aglycon

Answer 9

O- glycosides

Question 10

based on linkage:
Sugar molecule is directly attached with C— atom of aglycon.

Answer 10

C- glycosides

Question 11

based on linkage:
Sugar molecule is combined with the S or SH (thiol group) of aglycon.
Ex.: Sinigrin

Answer 11

S-glycosides

Question 12

based on linkage:
Sugar molecule is combined with N of the –NH (amino group) of
aglycon
Ex: Nucleosides

Answer 12

N-glycosides

Question 13

based on linkage:
glucose molecules are
attached with the aglycone part by both C and O linkages. Example:
Cascarosides from Cascara

Answer 13

C & O- glycosides

Question 14

BASED ON NATURE OF
GLYCONE:
sugar portion is glucose.

Answer 14

Glucoside

Question 15

BASED ON NATURE OF
GLYCONE:
Sugar portion is rhamnose

Answer 15

Rhamnoside

Question 16

BASED ON NATURE OF
GLYCONE:
sugar portion is pentose

Answer 16

Pentoside

Question 17

BASED ON NATURE OF
GLYCONE:
sugar portion is fructose

Answer 17

Fructoside

Question 18

BASED ON NATURE OF
GLYCONE:
sugar portion is arabinose

Answer 18

Arabinoside

Question 19

BASED ON THE NATURE OF
AGLYCONE

Answer 19

-Cardiac or Sterol
-Saponin
-Cyanogentic

Question 20

BASED ON THE THERAPEUTIC
ACITIVITY

Answer 20

✓Cardiac glycoside: Examples: Digitalis, Squill
✓Laxative glycoside: Examples: Senna, Aloe
✓Anti-ulcer glycoside: Examples: Liquorice
✓Local irritant: Examples: Black and white mustard
✓Analgesic and antipyretic: Example: Salix bark

Question 21

• Have specific action on the cardiac tissues, they increase force of
  systolic contraction
• Cyclopentano-perhydrophenanthrene (CPPP) steroid nucleus
  -Aglycone: cardenolide, Bufadienolide
  -inhibit Na/K ATPase, thereby increasing the Calcium inside the heart muscles

Answer 21

Cardiac Glycosides

Question 22

Test for Cardiac Glycosides

Answer 22

-kiddie’s test
-antimony trichloride test
-keller-killiani’s test
-raymond’s test

Question 23

Constituent: Digitoxin, Digoxin, Gitaloxin
Uses: Treatment of Congestive Heart Failure

Answer 23

Digitalis (Digitalis purpurea)

Question 24

Constituents: Convallatoxin, Convallotoxol,
Convalloside

-Positive inotropic effect on the heart

Answer 24

Convallaria (Convallaria majalis)

Question 25

Const: Apocannoside, Cyanocannoside Common name: Black indian hemp Source: dried rhizome and root

Answer 25

Apocyanum (Apocyanum cannabium)

Question 26

Cons: Adonitoxin, Cymarin, K- strophantin Use: cardiotonic, diuretic, sedative and vasoconstrictor

Answer 26

Pheasant’s eye (Adonis vernellis)

Question 27

Const: Flavonoids, Amines, Betacyans A/E: Positive inotropic effect –cardiac stimulation and coronary and peripheral dilation; stimulates motor neurons of the spinal cord

Answer 27

Cactus grandifloras (Selenicereus grandifloras)

Question 28

Cons: Oleandrin A/E: Positive inotropic and chronotropic effects that mimic digoxin

Answer 28

Oleander (Nerium oleander)

Question 29

Const: Hellebrin – cardiac stimulant

Answer 29

Black Hellebore (Helleborus niger)

Question 30

Cardiac depressant – decreases arterial BP and heart rate

Answer 30

Green Hellebore (Veratrum viride)

Question 31

* Cons: K-strophantin * Use: preparation of arrow poisons (Africans)

Answer 31

Strophantus (Strophanthus hispidus)

Question 32

Cons: Scillaren A * Use: expectorant, emetic, cardiotonic, diuretic * Red squill: rat poison

Answer 32

White squill (Urginea maritima)

Question 33

members of Cardiac Glycoside

Answer 33

-Digitalis -Convallaria -Apocyanum -Pheasant’s eye -Cactus grandifloras -Oleander -Black Hellebore -Green Hellebore -Strophantus -White squill

Question 34

-a derivative of anthracene (C14H10, consisting of three fused benzene rings) -have laxative effect

Answer 34

ANTHRAQUINONE GLYCOSIDE

Question 35

Test for Anthraquinone Glycoside:

Answer 35

-Brontrager’s Test -Modified Brontrager’s Test

Question 36

Const: Cascarosides A and B – optical isomers of Barbaloin * Cascarosides C and D – optical isomers of chrysaloin Uses: laxative – corrects habitual constipation, restores natural tone of the colon

Answer 36

Cascara Sagrada (Rhamnus purshiana)

Question 37

* Component of Movicol – frangula + karaya gum * Use: Laxative

Answer 37

Frangula/Buckthorn Bark/Alder Bark (Rhamnus frangula)

Question 38

* Const: Barbaloin * Use: Purgative * Ingredient in compounded benzoin tincture * Increases hair growth

Answer 38

Aloe (Aloe barbadensis)

Question 39

* Cont: Chrysophanol, Emodin * Use: Purgative, Astringent * May increase cardiac contractility

Answer 39

Rhubarb (Rheum palmatum or R. officinale)

Question 40

* Const: Sennosides A & B (more potent than cascara); sennidin A and B (Cathartic – Senokot) * Allied drug: Akapulko (Cassia alata)

Answer 40

Senna (Cassia senna)

Question 41

* Cons: chrysarobin * Only antraquinone that is not used as cathartic because it very irritating * Use: keratolytic for psoriasis, trytophytosis, chronic eczema

Answer 41

Goa powder (Andira araroba)

Question 42

* Const: hyperforin, hypericin emodin * Use: Nature’s Prozac – tx for mild to moderate depression * Other name: St. John’s wort

Answer 42

Hespericum (Hypericum perforatum)

Question 43

* Carminic acid – coloring agent

Answer 43

Conchineal (Coccus)

Question 44

* Cont: Morindin – sugar component primrose * Origin: fruit * Use: Antifungal

Answer 44

Morinda (Morinda citrifolia)

Question 45

members of Anthraquinone Glycosides

Answer 45

-Cascara Sagrada -Frangula/Buckthorn Bark/Alder Bark -Aloe -Rhubarb -Senna -Goa powder -Hespericum -Conchineal -Morinda

Question 46

-SOAP-Property of producing froth upon shaking -Sternatatory effect- irritating to the mucous membrane -bitter, acrid taste -fish poison -aglycone: sapogenin -Sapotoxins- toxic aglycone

Answer 46

SAPONIN GLYCOSIDES

Question 47

precursor for cortisone and other steroids.

Answer 47

Steroidal saponins

Question 48

made up of C30

Answer 48

Pentacyclic triterpenoids

Question 49

CLASSIFICATION ACCORDING TO THE STRUCTURE OF SAPOGENIN

Answer 49

-Steroidal saponins -Pentacyclic triterpenoids

Question 50

Test for Saponin Glycosides

Answer 50

* Froth Formation Test (Foam) * Hemolysis Test

Question 51

Cont: Diosgenin Source of steroidal contraceptives; natural alternative for estrogen replacement Dioscorea floribunda – best source of steroids

Answer 51

Dioscorea (Dioscorea Mexicana)

Question 52

* Other name: Maguey * Source: Juice from leaves * Cons: Hecogenin – precursor in the manuf. Of corticosteroid

Answer 52

Sisal (Agave sisalana)

Question 53

* Cons: Diosgenin * Use: mainly as spice, cholesterol – lowering property, anti-inflammatory, antipyretic, anti-ulcer, Anticancer

Answer 53

Fenugreek (Trigonella foenum –graecum)

Question 54

* Sarsaponin, Smilagenin, Sarsasapogenin, Parillin * Flavoring agent (Non – alcoholic drinks), Tx for syphilis, rheumatism, skin diseases, psoriasis, and eczema

Answer 54

Sarsaparilla Root