glyconeogenesis

Question 1

warburg effect

Answer 1

observation that most cancer cells release energy through less effifcient processes of aerobic glycolysis with high level glucose uptake and lactic acid fermentation in the cytosol (not mitochondria) even with lots of oxigen

Question 2

1 bypass reaction: PYRUVATE TO PHOSPHOENOLPYRUVATE

Answer 2

• PEP carboxykinase uses GTP
• This reaction is reversible under intracellular
  conditions, the formation of one high-energy
  phosphate compound (PEP) is balanced by the
  hydrolysis of another

Question 3

ALTERNATIVE PATHS FROM PYRUVATE TO PEP

Answer 3

• two alternative routes to PEP - biochemically one can
  make the distinction whether this starts from pyruvate or
  lactate and this has to do with the NADH/NAD pools
  and ratios in cytosol and mitochondria
• after exercise and an increase in lactate concentration,
  the pathway on the right is the predominant one in
  hepatocytes

Question 4

insulin

Answer 4

• Released when blood glucose is high
• Signals the liver to use glucose as fuel and
  precursor for the synthesis and storage of
  glycogen and triacylglycerol,
  act on one enzyme as
  part of their regulatory potential - PFK-2 that
  generates fructose 2,6-bisphosphate

Question 5

glucagon

Answer 5

• Released when blood glucose is low
• Signals the liver to produce more glucose
  and to stop consuming it for its own needs,
  act on one enzyme as
  part of their regulatory potential - PFK-2 that
  generates fructose 2,6-bisphosphate

Question 6

increase in acetyl coA

Answer 6

signal for sufficient energy present
in the cell and inhibits PDH, but activates pyruvate carboxylase to
push the cell into glycogenesis

Question 7

pentose phosphate pathway functions

Answer 7

• It generates the 5C body ribose 5-phosphate, which is
  required to generate building blocks for nucleotides,
  and thus RNA, DNA, ATP, NADH, FADH2 or coenzyme
• In other tissues the main reason is the production of
  NADPH, needed for reductive biosynthesis or to
  counter oxygen radicals and thus, damage to
  macromolecules. Fatty acid biosynthesis requires a lot
  of NADPH and thus, these tissue rely on the pentose
  phosphate pathway and its oxidative and non
  oxidative phase (the latter for recycling go G6P)

Question 8

o linked sacceride side chains

Answer 8

attached to serine or theorine

Question 9

n linked sacceride side chains

Answer 9

attached to aspargines

Question 10

glucose to pyruvate energy

Answer 10

4 ATP, 2 GTP and 2 NADH