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Biochemistry II > Glycolysis Overview > Flashcards

Glycolysis Overview Flashcards

1
Q

What is the purpose of Glycolysis?

A

To break down glucose in order to produce ATP

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2
Q

What are the products of glycolysis?

A

ATP, NADH, Pyruvate, lactate and alanine

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3
Q

In aerobic organisms glycolysis yields precursors to the Aerobic system which is composed of these two systems

A

Krebs cycle and ETS

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4
Q

The aerobic system completely ______ CO2 and H20

A

Oxidizes

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5
Q

During the first half of glycolysis Glucose is brought into the cell and it is _______ so it is trapped within it

A

Phosphorilated

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6
Q

During the first half of Glycolysis glucose is changed into an energy rich sugar known as

A

Fructose 1,6 biphosphate

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7
Q

In the second half of glycolysis when we receive the ATP we:

A

Split the molecule in two in order to get ATP, Set up large Delta G reactions , and use the free energy to re-create ATP

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8
Q

In the second half of glycolysis the end product that could be further oxidized is

A

Pyruvate

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9
Q

After glycolysis what does pyruvate enter into?

A

Aerobic system

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10
Q

What transporter helps glucose get in the cell?

A

GLUT 4

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11
Q

Glucose is located in the ?

A

Cytosol

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12
Q

What does Hexokinase do in glycolysis?

A

Phosphorilate Glucose to convert it to Glu 6-Phos

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13
Q

After the phosphate group is added, glucose can go through ______ which is enabled by phosphoglucose isomerase thus changing its structure

A

Isomerization

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14
Q

During Isomerization we change the aldehyde structure into a ________

A

ketone

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15
Q

In order to further transform Glucose into a more energy rich sugar, This enzyme phosphorylates Fru 6–phosphate and turns it into _______

A

PFK (phosphofructokinase) and turns it into Fructose 1,6-biphosphate

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16
Q

What does Bis-phosphate imply?

A

Two separate phosphates

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17
Q

What does Diphosphate imply?

A

Two joined phosphates

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18
Q

What is PFK (Phosphofructokinase)?

A

It is an allosteric enzyme

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19
Q

What makes PFK important?

A

It is the rate limiting enzyme in glycolysis

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20
Q

What is allosterism?

A

The influencing of an enzyme activity by a change in the conformation of the enzyme, brought about by the noncompetitive binding of a nonsubstrate at a site (allosteric site) other than the active site of the enzyme.”

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21
Q

During the first half of glycolysis , _______ utilizes the Phosphate group in ATP and phosphorylates glucose in order to form Glucose 6-Phosphate

A

Hexokinase

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22
Q

Phosphoglucose isomerase rearranges Glucose 6-Phosphate by changinge the _______group into a _______group in order to turn it into Fructose 6- Phosphate

A

Aldehyde; ketone

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23
Q

PFK utilizes the Phosphate group in ATP and breaks it down in order to ______ Fructose 6-Phosphate in order to transform into ________

A

phosphorylate; fructose 1,6 biphosphate

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24
Q

During the second half of Glycolysis the molecule is _____ in order to set up large negative Delta G reactions and use the free energy to recreate ATP

A

Split into two

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25
Q

During “the split” in the second half of Glycolysis, this enzyme splits up Fructose 1,6 biphosphate into 2 3 carbon sugars known as _______

A

Aldolase; glyceraldehyde 3 phosphate

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26
Q

During the second half of glycolysis, In the isomerization process this ENZYME rearranges the ______ group into an ______ group

A

Triose phosphate isomerase; Ketone ; aldehyde

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27
Q

How many pyruvates are yielded per glucose?

A

2

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28
Q

Glyceraldehyde 3 phosphate undergoes ________ in order to become 1,3 biphosphoglycerate

A

oxidative phosphorylation

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29
Q

What is the enzyme that catalyzes oxidative phosphorylation in G3P -> 1,3 Biphosphoglycerate reactions?

A

G3P dehydrogenase

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30
Q

1,3 biphosphoglycerate has one of the phosphate groups removed. This group binds with ADP to become ATP. The molecule that results from this is _____

A

3- phosphoglycerate

31
Q

What is the enzyme that removes the phosphate group from 1,3 biphosphoglycerate?

A

Phosphoglycerate kinase

32
Q

In order for 3- phosphoglycerate to become 2- phosphoglycerate it must mutate by using this enzyme

A

phosphoglycerate mutase

33
Q

2 phosphoglycerate undergoes ______ in order to become phosphoenolpyruvate

A

dehydration

34
Q

What is the enzyme that plays a key role in the dehydration reaction of 2- phosphoglycerate?

A

Enolase

35
Q

What is an enol?

A

A compound possessing a hydroxyl group attached to a doubly bonded carbon atom (–CH=CH (OH) –)

36
Q

What is substrate level phosphorylation?

A

Phosphate from the substrate helps make atp

37
Q

Phosphoenolpyruvate undergoes _____ ____ ___ in order to become pyruvate and produce ATP

A

Substrate level phosphorylation

38
Q

What is the enzyme that plays a key role in the Phosphoenolpyruvate substrate level phosphorylation reaction?

A

pyruvate kinase

39
Q

What other prominent monosaccharides enter the glycolytic pathway?

A

fructose and galactose

40
Q

Fructose can be phosphorylated to fructose 6P by _____ and then enter glycolysis

A

hexokinase

41
Q

Galactose is converted into glucose 6P in _ steps

A

4

42
Q

Which enzymes converts Galactose into Galactose 1P via phosphorylation?

A

Galactokinase

43
Q

Which enzyme is utilized in the Galactose 1P + UDP glu reaction in order to produce Glucose 1p?

A

Transferase

44
Q

Which enzyme is used in the UDP galactose -> UDP glucose reaction?

A

Epimerase

45
Q

What enzyme is used in the Glucose 1p -> glucose 6P reaction?

A

Mutase

46
Q

What are the key enzymes in the glycolytic pathway?

A

 Hexokinase

 Phosphofructokinase  Pyruvate Kinase

47
Q

What is the starting point for the Krebs cycle and also inhibits PFK?

A

Citrate

48
Q

What binds to PFK and decreases its activity?

A

ATP

49
Q

_____pH inhibits PFK

A

Decreased

50
Q

It is better to regulate PFK during the process in which Glu6P becomes _____

A

Fructose 1,6 Biphosphate

51
Q

What are the two pathways that G6P can take?

A

Glycogen synthesis and Pentose phosphate pathway

52
Q

The more Fructose 6P we have in low ATP situations the _____ the reaction

A

the faster

53
Q

Which enzyme catalyzes the first step in glycolysis?

A

Hexokinase

54
Q

Inhibition of which enzyme leads to inhibition of Hexokinase

A

PFK

55
Q

Which enzyme elevates the concentration of F6P and then G6P

A

PFK

56
Q

What enzymes do the liver and beta cells of the pancreas contain?

A

Glucokinase

57
Q

Name an alternative form of Hexokinase

A

glucokinase

58
Q

This enzyme also makes G6P but only does so when glucose is _______

A

abundant

59
Q

What is glucokinase stimulated by?

A

Insulin and fructose

60
Q

Glucokinase has a ____ ___ which means it takes more reactant to make it go faster

A

High Km

61
Q

Glucokinase is not inhibited by _________

A

Glucose 6phosphate

62
Q

This enzyme catalyze the third irreversible step in glycolysis. It is also stimulated by fructose 1,6 BP

A

Pyruvate kinase

63
Q

This amino acid is one reaction away from becoming pyruvate

A

Alanine

64
Q

Which hormone is secreted when glucose is low?

A

glucagon

65
Q

What is the objective of glucagon and its primary target?

A

elevate blood glucose and its primary target is the liver

66
Q

Pyruvate + NADH → Lactate + NAD+

A

no answer just memorize

67
Q

Which enzyme is required for the dehydrogenation reaction of Pyruvate into lactate?

A

Lactate dehydrogenase

68
Q

When is lactic acid produced?

A

when glycolysis runs fast

69
Q

A moderate production of lactate ____ glycolysis

A

speeds up

70
Q

A large production of lactate _____ glycolysis

A

inhibits

71
Q

What is the warburg effect?

A

Conversion of glucose to lactic acid in the presence of oxygen

72
Q

Invasive cancers tend to have

A

Altered glucose metabolism

73
Q

During acidosis, running glycolysis fast creates intracelullar and pericelullar

A

acidic conditions

Biochemistry II (6 decks)

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