Basics and Energy Overview Flashcards
What is the definition of bioenergetics?
Transfer and use of energy in biologic systems
What is Delta G?
Change in free energy or energy available to do work
Tells you the energetic feasibility of a chemical reaction
Predicts whether a reaction is favorable
Approaches zero as the reaction proceeds to equilibrium
What is Enthalpy?
Change in heat content of the reactants and products
What is entropy?
Change in randomness/ disorder of the reactants and products
What happens when we have a Negative Delta G?
It implies that we have a net loss of energy
The reaction will proceed
The reaction is exergonic
What happens when we have a Positive Delta G?
Implies a net gain of energy
The reaction does not proceed
Energy must be added to the system to make it proceed
Reaction is endergonic
What happens when we have a Net Zero Delta G?
Reactants are at equilibrium
reactions continue until Delta G is zero
In any sequence of consecutive reactions, how are the free energy changes (Delta G)?
Additive
What property allows pathway of DELTA G to work?
Additive property
When does the delta G pathway move forward?
As long as the sum of the Delta Gs of the individual reaction is negative. This is true even if some of the individual reactions are endergonic
What is the equation for Delta G?
Change in enthalpy minus the product of Absolute temperature and entropy
G= H - (T*S)
What is a coupled reaction?
Two reactions happening at the same time.
Remember that the net Delta G must be negative in order for the RXN to occur
In the Glucose 6 Phosphate RXN what is favored Dephosphorilation or Phosphorilation?
Dephosphorilation because the change in Delta G is negative therefore that is the favored reaction
In ATP reactions, what is favored Dephosphorilation or phosphorilation?
Dephosphorilation because the Net Delta G is negative therefore dephosphorilation will be favored
In glycolysis reactions, Glucose + ATP => G6P+ ADP utilizes what enzyme and what is the Net Delta G ?
Hexokinase, -4 Kcal/mol
What is the structure for Carbonyl?
C = O
What is the structure for aldehydes?
R- (C=O) -H
What is the structure for Ketones?
R- (c=O) -R
What is the structure for Carboxyl?
COOH or R-(C=O)-OH
What is the structure for ESTERS?
R- (C=O)-O- R
What is the structure for a Thioester?
R- (C=0) -S-R
What is the structure for the hydroxyl group?
OH
What is the methyl group structure?
CH3
What is common in the Phosphate group?
Phosphate or P
What does the amino group look like in a molecule?
R- NH2 (nitrogen is always present)
Enzymes that add phosphate groups for something would be known as
Kinases
something that Removes a phosphate group from another molecule is known as
phosphatases
What are isomerases?
Enzymes that rearrange the atoms of a molecule (isomerization)
What are mutases?
Enzymes that shift a group on a molecule
What are synthases?
an enzyme that builds something
What are dehydrogenases?
Enzymes that reduce or oxidize
What is NAD?
It is a Derivative of Niacin.
It accepts and donates electrons
What is FAD?
Derivative of riboflavin
Accepts and donates electrons
What is Coenzyme A?
Derivative of pantothenic acid, Holds and transfers Acetyl or Acyl groups, and also makes a thioester bond
What is ATP?
is a high energy molecule we gain energy by breaking it down
What does high energy charge mean?
The cell has a lot of ATP
What does low energy charge mean?
Cell has little ATP
What would be the Equation for Energy charge?
ATP + (ADP*0.5) / ATP + ADP +AMP
What is the energy charge range for most cells?
0.80- 0.95
What is the energy charge controlled by?
Activity
What is the cells activity controlled by?
Energy charge
What does the presence of AMP stimulate ?
A powerful enzyme called AMPkinase
AMPK Stimulates many things some examples are:
Glut4, Glycogen Breakdown, Glycolisis, Fat burning, and lpl activation
AMPK inhibits pathway, some of these are:
Glycogen synthesis, TAG synthesis, Fatty acid Synthesis, Cholesterol Synthesis
what is relative rate?
The velocity or how fast the pathway is running
Low energy charge pathways are usually ____ and high energy charge are usually _____
Slow; fast
What does a high energy charge tell the cell to build?
Fat, glycogen, glucose, cholesterol, and nucleotides
A low energy charge tells the cell to create ____
ATP
Formation of atp is made by?
– Run the phosphocreatine system
– Run glycolysis
– Run fat oxidation
– Run amino acid oxidation – Run the aerobic system Kreb’sCycleandElectronTransportSystem
How much energy is released when the bond of ATPs phosphate group?
Delta G= -7.3 kcal/mol
ATP has a ____ turnover rate
High
How fast is an ATP molecule consumed?
Within a minute of its creation
How many kilograms of ATP do we consume at rest?
40 Kgs of ATP
How much ATP is utilized in a minute of exercise?
A pound ~~
When we talk about enzyme regulation, What happens when there is Excess products?
Inhibition of the enzyme
When we talk about enzyme regulation, what happens when there is excess reactants?
Stimulation of the enzyme or mass action mechanism
In enzyme regulation, what happens when the product is scarce?
Stimulation of the enzyme
In enzyme regulation, when the reactants are scarce what occurs?
Inhibition of the enzyme
When there are more reactants, the enzyme has a _____ rate
Faster
What are the functions of NAD and FAD
All they do is accept and donate electrons
What are the Three systems in which we recreate ATP?
ATP PC System, Glycolysis, and Aerobic system
What are the two systems associated with ATP- PC systems?
Phosphagen system and Creatine Phosphate system
What is the process associated with glycolysis?
Anaerobic glycolysis
What systems are associated with the Aerobic System?
Krebs cycle and Electron transport system
Which two cycles are associated with the Krebs cycle?
Tricarboxcylic Acid Cycle and Citric acid cycle
What process associated with the Electron Transport system?
Oxidative phosphorylation
The aerobic system typically oxidizes these macronutrients ____ ____ and ______
Carbs, Lipids, Proteins
Is the ATP PC system a Coupled reaction?
Yes
The ATP PC system has a _____ replacement of ATP and a very _____ duration thus predominating in ______ activity
Fast; Short; Explosive
In order to replace ATP with Creatine phosphate we must have the following reaction
ADP + Creatine phosphate -> ATP + Creatine
This is a coupled reaction
What is the key enzyme in Regulation of the ATP PC system?
Creatine Kinase
What happens when there is excess product in the ATP PC system?
The pathway is inhibited if there is too much ATP or Creatine
What happens when there are excess reactants in the ATP PC system?
The pathway is stimulated if there are large amounts of AMP and ADP
What type of muscle fiber would contain higher concentrations of creatine kinase?
Fast twitch
Where does the ATP PC system take place? In which cell organelle?
in the cytosol-mitochondria
What is the product of the ATP PC system?
ATP
What are the reactants of the ATP PC system?
ADP, AMP, and Pi
What constitutes Glycolysis?
Carb breakdown
In which one of the conditions of glycolysis is pyruvate converted to Lactic acid and alanine?
Fast condition of glycolysis
In which one of the conditions of glycolysis does pyruvate go into the mitochondria and undergoes aerobic metabolism?
Slow condition of glycolysis
What determines whether lactic acid is made or pyruvate being sent to the aerobic system?
The capacity of the persons aerobic system and the level of exercise
What is the main product of Glycolysis?
ATP
What are the additional products of Glycolysis?
Pyruvate, Lactic acid, alanine, and NADH
What are the key enzymes in Glycolysis?
Hexokinase, PFK, and Pyruvate Kinase
What is glycolysis stimulated by?
High levels of ADP, AMP, Pi, and AMMONIA
What is Glycolysis inhibited by?
High levels of ATP, Creatine phosphate and low levels pH
What is Oxidation?
The addition of Oxygen, removal of hydrogen or the removal of electrons from an element or compound
What is reduction ?
the deletion of oxygen, addition of hydrogen, or the addition of electrons from an element or compound
Molecules can gain electrons in different forms such as :
Hydryde ions, Hydrogen atoms, and as Electrons
What pathway is best described by a breakdown of proteins, carbs and lipids and then made into CO2, NH3,H20?
Catabolic pathway
Is the catabolic pathway Endergonic or Exergonic?
Exergonic
What pathway is best described as a pathway that combines smaller molecules to make complex molecules and usually requires energy and is therefore endergonic?
Anabolic pathways
Which pathway is usually composed of oxidation reactions and require oxidized coenzymes ?
Catabolic pathway
What pathway usually involves reduction reactions ?
anabolic pathway
What is the chemiosmotic theory?
When protons flow through a special protein, ATP is created
Which pathway/system has the greatest production of ATP?
The aerobic system
At rest, which macronutrient gives us the most atp?
Lipids/Fats (70%) vs Carbs (30%)
What is the key enzyme in the Aerobic system?
Dehydrogenase
What are the reactants of the Aerobic system?
Macronutrients, ADP, AMP, Pi, Acetyl, Citrate, NAD, FAD
