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Biochemistry II > Basics and Energy Overview > Flashcards

Basics and Energy Overview Flashcards

1
Q

What is the definition of bioenergetics?

A

Transfer and use of energy in biologic systems

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2
Q

What is Delta G?

A

Change in free energy or energy available to do work

Tells you the energetic feasibility of a chemical reaction

Predicts whether a reaction is favorable

Approaches zero as the reaction proceeds to equilibrium

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3
Q

What is Enthalpy?

A

Change in heat content of the reactants and products

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4
Q

What is entropy?

A

Change in randomness/ disorder of the reactants and products

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5
Q

What happens when we have a Negative Delta G?

A

It implies that we have a net loss of energy

The reaction will proceed

The reaction is exergonic

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6
Q

What happens when we have a Positive Delta G?

A

Implies a net gain of energy

The reaction does not proceed

Energy must be added to the system to make it proceed

Reaction is endergonic

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7
Q

What happens when we have a Net Zero Delta G?

A

Reactants are at equilibrium

reactions continue until Delta G is zero

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8
Q

In any sequence of consecutive reactions, how are the free energy changes (Delta G)?

A

Additive

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9
Q

What property allows pathway of DELTA G to work?

A

Additive property

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10
Q

When does the delta G pathway move forward?

A

As long as the sum of the Delta Gs of the individual reaction is negative. This is true even if some of the individual reactions are endergonic

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11
Q

What is the equation for Delta G?

A

Change in enthalpy minus the product of Absolute temperature and entropy

G= H - (T*S)

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12
Q

What is a coupled reaction?

A

Two reactions happening at the same time.

Remember that the net Delta G must be negative in order for the RXN to occur

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13
Q

In the Glucose 6 Phosphate RXN what is favored Dephosphorilation or Phosphorilation?

A

Dephosphorilation because the change in Delta G is negative therefore that is the favored reaction

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14
Q

In ATP reactions, what is favored Dephosphorilation or phosphorilation?

A

Dephosphorilation because the Net Delta G is negative therefore dephosphorilation will be favored

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15
Q

In glycolysis reactions, Glucose + ATP => G6P+ ADP utilizes what enzyme and what is the Net Delta G ?

A

Hexokinase, -4 Kcal/mol

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16
Q

What is the structure for Carbonyl?

A

C = O

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17
Q

What is the structure for aldehydes?

A

R- (C=O) -H

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18
Q

What is the structure for Ketones?

A

R- (c=O) -R

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19
Q

What is the structure for Carboxyl?

A

COOH or R-(C=O)-OH

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20
Q

What is the structure for ESTERS?

A

R- (C=O)-O- R

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21
Q

What is the structure for a Thioester?

A

R- (C=0) -S-R

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22
Q

What is the structure for the hydroxyl group?

A

OH

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23
Q

What is the methyl group structure?

A

CH3

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24
Q

What is common in the Phosphate group?

A

Phosphate or P

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25
Q

What does the amino group look like in a molecule?

A

R- NH2 (nitrogen is always present)

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26
Q

Enzymes that add phosphate groups for something would be known as

A

Kinases

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27
Q

something that Removes a phosphate group from another molecule is known as

A

phosphatases

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28
Q

What are isomerases?

A

Enzymes that rearrange the atoms of a molecule (isomerization)

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29
Q

What are mutases?

A

Enzymes that shift a group on a molecule

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30
Q

What are synthases?

A

an enzyme that builds something

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31
Q

What are dehydrogenases?

A

Enzymes that reduce or oxidize

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32
Q

What is NAD?

A

It is a Derivative of Niacin.

It accepts and donates electrons

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33
Q

What is FAD?

A

Derivative of riboflavin

Accepts and donates electrons

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34
Q

What is Coenzyme A?

A

Derivative of pantothenic acid, Holds and transfers Acetyl or Acyl groups, and also makes a thioester bond

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35
Q

What is ATP?

A

is a high energy molecule we gain energy by breaking it down

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36
Q

What does high energy charge mean?

A

The cell has a lot of ATP

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37
Q

What does low energy charge mean?

A

Cell has little ATP

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38
Q

What would be the Equation for Energy charge?

A

ATP + (ADP*0.5) / ATP + ADP +AMP

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39
Q

What is the energy charge range for most cells?

A

0.80- 0.95

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40
Q

What is the energy charge controlled by?

A

Activity

41
Q

What is the cells activity controlled by?

A

Energy charge

42
Q

What does the presence of AMP stimulate ?

A

A powerful enzyme called AMPkinase

43
Q

AMPK Stimulates many things some examples are:

A

Glut4, Glycogen Breakdown, Glycolisis, Fat burning, and lpl activation

44
Q

AMPK inhibits pathway, some of these are:

A

Glycogen synthesis, TAG synthesis, Fatty acid Synthesis, Cholesterol Synthesis

45
Q

what is relative rate?

A

The velocity or how fast the pathway is running

46
Q

Low energy charge pathways are usually ____ and high energy charge are usually _____

A

Slow; fast

47
Q

What does a high energy charge tell the cell to build?

A

Fat, glycogen, glucose, cholesterol, and nucleotides

48
Q

A low energy charge tells the cell to create ____

A

ATP

49
Q

Formation of atp is made by?

A

– Run the phosphocreatine system
– Run glycolysis
– Run fat oxidation
– Run amino acid oxidation – Run the aerobic system Kreb’sCycleandElectronTransportSystem

50
Q

How much energy is released when the bond of ATPs phosphate group?

A

Delta G= -7.3 kcal/mol

51
Q

ATP has a ____ turnover rate

A

High

52
Q

How fast is an ATP molecule consumed?

A

Within a minute of its creation

53
Q

How many kilograms of ATP do we consume at rest?

A

40 Kgs of ATP

54
Q

How much ATP is utilized in a minute of exercise?

A

A pound ~~

55
Q

When we talk about enzyme regulation, What happens when there is Excess products?

A

Inhibition of the enzyme

56
Q

When we talk about enzyme regulation, what happens when there is excess reactants?

A

Stimulation of the enzyme or mass action mechanism

57
Q

In enzyme regulation, what happens when the product is scarce?

A

Stimulation of the enzyme

58
Q

In enzyme regulation, when the reactants are scarce what occurs?

A

Inhibition of the enzyme

59
Q

When there are more reactants, the enzyme has a _____ rate

A

Faster

60
Q

What are the functions of NAD and FAD

A

All they do is accept and donate electrons

61
Q

What are the Three systems in which we recreate ATP?

A

ATP PC System, Glycolysis, and Aerobic system

62
Q

What are the two systems associated with ATP- PC systems?

A

Phosphagen system and Creatine Phosphate system

63
Q

What is the process associated with glycolysis?

A

Anaerobic glycolysis

64
Q

What systems are associated with the Aerobic System?

A

Krebs cycle and Electron transport system

65
Q

Which two cycles are associated with the Krebs cycle?

A

Tricarboxcylic Acid Cycle and Citric acid cycle

66
Q

What process associated with the Electron Transport system?

A

Oxidative phosphorylation

67
Q

The aerobic system typically oxidizes these macronutrients ____ ____ and ______

A

Carbs, Lipids, Proteins

68
Q

Is the ATP PC system a Coupled reaction?

A

Yes

69
Q

The ATP PC system has a _____ replacement of ATP and a very _____ duration thus predominating in ______ activity

A

Fast; Short; Explosive

70
Q

In order to replace ATP with Creatine phosphate we must have the following reaction

A

ADP + Creatine phosphate -> ATP + Creatine

This is a coupled reaction

71
Q

What is the key enzyme in Regulation of the ATP PC system?

A

Creatine Kinase

72
Q

What happens when there is excess product in the ATP PC system?

A

The pathway is inhibited if there is too much ATP or Creatine

73
Q

What happens when there are excess reactants in the ATP PC system?

A

The pathway is stimulated if there are large amounts of AMP and ADP

74
Q

What type of muscle fiber would contain higher concentrations of creatine kinase?

A

Fast twitch

75
Q

Where does the ATP PC system take place? In which cell organelle?

A

in the cytosol-mitochondria

76
Q

What is the product of the ATP PC system?

A

ATP

77
Q

What are the reactants of the ATP PC system?

A

ADP, AMP, and Pi

78
Q

What constitutes Glycolysis?

A

Carb breakdown

79
Q

In which one of the conditions of glycolysis is pyruvate converted to Lactic acid and alanine?

A

Fast condition of glycolysis

80
Q

In which one of the conditions of glycolysis does pyruvate go into the mitochondria and undergoes aerobic metabolism?

A

Slow condition of glycolysis

81
Q

What determines whether lactic acid is made or pyruvate being sent to the aerobic system?

A

The capacity of the persons aerobic system and the level of exercise

82
Q

What is the main product of Glycolysis?

A

ATP

83
Q

What are the additional products of Glycolysis?

A

Pyruvate, Lactic acid, alanine, and NADH

84
Q

What are the key enzymes in Glycolysis?

A

Hexokinase, PFK, and Pyruvate Kinase

85
Q

What is glycolysis stimulated by?

A

High levels of ADP, AMP, Pi, and AMMONIA

86
Q

What is Glycolysis inhibited by?

A

High levels of ATP, Creatine phosphate and low levels pH

87
Q

What is Oxidation?

A

The addition of Oxygen, removal of hydrogen or the removal of electrons from an element or compound

88
Q

What is reduction ?

A

the deletion of oxygen, addition of hydrogen, or the addition of electrons from an element or compound

89
Q

Molecules can gain electrons in different forms such as :

A

Hydryde ions, Hydrogen atoms, and as Electrons

90
Q

What pathway is best described by a breakdown of proteins, carbs and lipids and then made into CO2, NH3,H20?

A

Catabolic pathway

91
Q

Is the catabolic pathway Endergonic or Exergonic?

A

Exergonic

92
Q

What pathway is best described as a pathway that combines smaller molecules to make complex molecules and usually requires energy and is therefore endergonic?

A

Anabolic pathways

93
Q

Which pathway is usually composed of oxidation reactions and require oxidized coenzymes ?

A

Catabolic pathway

94
Q

What pathway usually involves reduction reactions ?

A

anabolic pathway

95
Q

What is the chemiosmotic theory?

A

When protons flow through a special protein, ATP is created

96
Q

Which pathway/system has the greatest production of ATP?

A

The aerobic system

97
Q

At rest, which macronutrient gives us the most atp?

A

Lipids/Fats (70%) vs Carbs (30%)

98
Q

What is the key enzyme in the Aerobic system?

A

Dehydrogenase

99
Q

What are the reactants of the Aerobic system?

A

Macronutrients, ADP, AMP, Pi, Acetyl, Citrate, NAD, FAD

Biochemistry II (6 decks)

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