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Biochemistry > Glycolysis, CAC, Oxi Phosph. Q5 > Flashcards

Glycolysis, CAC, Oxi Phosph. Q5 Flashcards

1
Q

What is the electron acceptor for glycolysis?

A

NAD+

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2
Q

What happens during the “preparatory” and “payoff” phases?

A

Preparatory is the phosphorylation and the payoff is the oxidation-reduction.

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3
Q

Outline the process of glycolysis with products and enzymes.

A
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4
Q

What is he net balance of pyruvate, ATP, and NADH after glycolysis?

A

2 pyruvate, 2 ATP, and 2 NADH

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5
Q

What are the two substrates that will dictate if the glycolysis or gluconeogenesis pathways are running?

A

Fructose-6-phosphate (gluconeogenesis) and Fructose 1,6-bisphosphate (glycolysis).

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6
Q

What is the function of NADPH?

A

It is crucial for creating fatty acids and free radical protection. Seen in the pentose phosphate pathway.

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7
Q

What are the two end products pyruvate can form in glycolysis?

A

Lactate and ethanol.

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8
Q

What is the electron acceptor for NADH?

A

Lactate or ethanol.

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9
Q

Where is the ATP synthase located?

A

Inner membrane of mitochondria.

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10
Q

Where does glycolysis take place?

A

In the cytoplasm of a cell. Outside the mitochondria.

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11
Q

What is the result of mitochondria pouring cytochrome C inthe the cytosol of a cell?

A

Cytochrome C binds with ATP and forms apoptosome leading to apoptosis.

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12
Q

What is pyruvate turned into to enter the citric acid cycle?

A

Acetyl-CoA.

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13
Q

Where does the citric acid cycle take place?

A

Within the matrix of mitochondria.

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14
Q

How many turns will you get out of the CAT per glucose and what do you yield each turn?

A

3 NADH, 2 CO2, 1 GTP, 1 FADH2

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15
Q

Starting with Acetyl-CoA, outline each of the steps for the citric acid cycle. Note, just the products and enzymes.

A
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16
Q

Why does the CAC require O2

A

It does indirectly because without it, the electron carriers would back up and would shut down the CAC.

17
Q

How is the citric acid cycle regulates?

A

Allosterically via the energy substrates and products. Also via mass action, meaning small reduction in NADH will lead to large increase in NAD+.

18
Q

How is glutamate made?

A

From alpha-ketogluterate in the CAC.

19
Q

Where are H+ ions pumped to during the ETC?

A

The intermembrane space.

20
Q

Why would the ETC stop if you lost Cyt C?

A

Because it is the molecule that carries electrons from complex III to complex IV.

21
Q

What is the movable form of cytochrome?

A

Chytochrome C.

22
Q

What electron carries are capable of carrying both electrons and protons?

A

Ubiquinone and NADH.

23
Q

What are the other names for complex I and complex II

A

Complex I: NADH dehydrogenase

Complex II: Succinate dehydrogenase

24
Q

Where is FADH2?

A

Complex II (succinate dehydrogenase). Note that if you block this you will shut down the CAC because FADH2 will back up.

25
Q

What is carrying the electrons in complex I-III?

A

Ubiquinone

26
Q

What is taking place during the Q cycle and where does it happen?

A

Reducing cytchrome C and pumping electrons into intermembrane space. Happens at complex III.

27
Q

What is taking place at complex IV?

A

Transports hydrogen to the intermembrane space and reduces O2 into water. Also called cytochrome oxidase.

28
Q

How many ATP do you get per NADH and FADH2?

A

2.5 ATP for NADH and 1.5 ATP for FADH2

29
Q

How is ATP transported out of the mitochondria?

A

Adenine nucleotide translocase.

30
Q

What tissues are associated with the malate-asparatate shuttle?

A

Liver, kidney, and heart.

31
Q

What tissues are associated with the glycerol 3-phospate shuttle?

A

Brain and skeletal muscle.

32
Q

What is the function of the malate-aspartate and glycerol 3-phosphate shuttle systems?

A

These are systems that allow for the NADH produced in glycolysis to drop electrons off to the ETC since glycolysis takes place in the cytosol and the ETC is located in the inner membrane.

33
Q

What are the two conditions that favor the formation of reactive oxygen species?

A

Mitochondria lacking O2 or ADP and excess NADH.

34
Q

What is the total ATP energy production from respiration?

A

30-32.

35
Q
A

Biochemistry (13 decks)

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