Glycolysis Flashcards
Structure of D-glucose
D-Glucose
Structure and name of ATP
Adenosine Triphosphate
Glucose is what?
Reduced carbon (energy)
Two stages of glycolysis
I) Investment phase (glycolysis I-V) converts 1 D-glucose into 2 glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate, requires two adenosine triphosphate (-2 ATP)
II) Payoff phase (glycolysis (VI-X) converts 2 glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate into 2 pyruvate, generates four adenosine triphosphate (+4 ATP) and 2 reduced nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (+2 NADH + H+) which must be oxidised later to regenerate NAD+ and continue glycolysis
Glycolysis I:
reactant
Glycolysis I:
reactant: D-Glucose
Glycolysis I:
product
Glycolysis I:
product: Glucose-6-phosphate
Glycolysis I:
type of reaction
Glycolysis I:
type of reaction: Phosphoryl transfer by kinase
Glycolysis I:
reactant
product
Glycolysis I:
reactant: D-Glucose
product : Glucose 6-phosphate
Glycolysis I:
enzyme
Glycolysis I:
enzyme: hexokinase (all cells), glucokinase (isoenzyme of hexokinase present only in liver)
Glycolysis I:
cofactor
Glycolysis I:
cofactor: Mg+, adenosine triphosphate (-1 ATP)
Glycolysis I:
reactant
product
type of reaction
enzyme
cofactor
Glycolysis I:
reactant: D-Glucose
product: Glucose 6-phosphate
type of reaction: Phosphoryl transfer by kinase
enzyme: hexokinase (all cells), glucokinase (isoenzyme of hexokinase present only in liver)
cofactor: Mg+,adenosine triphosphate (-1 ATP)
Purpose of glycolysis I
Phosphorylation traps glucose in the cell by making it unrecognisable to transport proteins such as Glucose transporter 1 (GLUT1), which removes it from equilibrium. G6P is charged and cannot diffuse through cell membrane. Because the reaction is driven by ATP, it is highly favourable (13.9 (Glucose -> G6P) - 30.5 (ATP -> ADP) = -16.6kJ/mol), causing the glucose level in the cell to remain low, causing the cell to absorb more glucose from the environment.
KM of hexokinase compared to average blood concentration of D-glucose
Hexokinase has a KM of .1mM, while the fasting blood concentration of glucose is 5mM, 50x higher than the amount required for Vmax/2. Hexokinase is saturated, phosphorylation of glucose is a rapid process.
What inhibits hexokinase activity?
Hexokinase is inhibited by the product of its reaction, glucose-6-phosphate. This is a very important regulatory step, since it prevents the consumption of too much cellular ATP to form G6P when glucose is not limiting.
G6P
Glucose 6-phosphate
Free energy of D-glucose to glucose-6-phosphate
+13.9 kJ/mol
What reaction is the phosphorylation of glucose coupled to?
ATP hydrolysis -30.5kJ/mol
KM of glucokinase compared to average blood concentration of D-glucose
Glucokinase has a KM of 10mM, which assures it will only work when glucose is high. Glucokinase is used to make glycogen and is induced by insulin.
Glucose enters the cell how
1) Diffusion, glucose is uncharged 2) Facilitated diffusion using a transport protein such as Glucose transporter 1 (GLUT1) 3) Active transport. Unlike two options above, this requires ATP.
Structure of G6P
Glucose 6-phosphate (G6P)
Glycolysis II:
reactant
Glycolysis II:
reactant: Glucose 6-phosphate (G6P)
Glycolysis II:
product
Glycolysis II:
product: Fructose-6-phosphate
Glycolysis II:
reactant
product
Glycolysis II:
reactant: Glucose-6-phosphate
product: Fructose-6-phosphate
Glycolysis II:
type of reaction
Glycolysis II:
type of reaction: isomerisation
Glycolysis II:
enzyme
Glycolysis II:
enzyme: Phosphoglucoisomerase
Glycolysis II:
reactant
product
type of reaction
enzyme
cofactor
Glycolysis II:
reactant: Glucose-6-phosphate
product: Fructose-6-phosphate
type of reaction: isomerisation
enzyme: Phosphoglucoisomerase
cofactor: none
Glycolysis III:
reactant
Glycolysis III:
reactant: Fructose-6-phosphate
Glycolysis III:
product
Glycolysis III:
product: Fructose-1,6-bisphosphate
Glycolysis III:
reactant
product
Glycolysis III:
reactant: Fructose-6-phosphate
product: Fructose-1,6-bisphosphate
Glycolysis III:
type of reaction
Glycolysis III:
type of reaction: phosphoryl transfer by kinase
Glycolysis III:
enzyme
Glycolysis III:
enzyme: Phosphofructokinase 1
Glycolysis III:
cofactor
Glycolysis III:
cofactor: Mg+, adenosine triphosphate (-1 ATP)
Glycolysis III:
reactant
product
type of reaction
enzyme
cofactor
Glycolysis III:
reactant: Fructose-6-phosphate
product: Fructose-1,6-bisphosphate
type of reaction: phosphoryl transfer by kinase
enzyme: Phosphofructokinase 1
cofactor: Mg+, adenosine triphosphate (-1 ATP)
diphosphate vs. bisphosphate
In a diphosphate, the 2 phosphate groups in the compound are directly attached to one another. In a bisphosphate, the 2 phosphate groups in the compound are attached to different atoms on the compound, meaning that they are not attached to one another.
Structure of fructose-6-phosphate
Fructose-6-phosphate
Structure of fructose-1,6-bisphosphate
Fructose-1,6-bisphosphate
Structure of D-fructose
D-Fructose
Glycolysis IV:
reactant
Glycolysis IV:
reactant: Fructose-1,6-bisphosphate
Glycolysis IV:
product
Glycolysis IV:
product: Glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate (G3P) (an aldose) AND Dihydroxyacetone phosphate (a ketose)
Glycolysis IV:
reactant
product
Glycolysis IV:
reactant: Fructose-1,6-bisphosphate
product: Glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate (G3P) (an aldose) AND Dihydroxyacetone phosphate (a ketose)
Glycolysis IV:
type of reaction
Glycolysis IV:
type of reaction: β aldol cleavage
Glycolysis IV:
enzyme
Glycolysis IV:
enzyme: Aldolase
Glycolysis IV:
reactant
product
type of reaction
enzyme
cofactor
Glycolysis IV:
reactant: Fructose-1,6-bisphosphate
product: Glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate (aldose) AND Dihydroxyacetone phosphate (ketose)
type of reaction: β aldol cleavage
enzyme: Aldolase cofactor: none
Structure of dihydroxyacetone
Dihydroxyacetone
Structure of glyceraldehyde
Glyceraldehyde
Structure of dihydroxyacetone phosphate
Dihydroxyacetone phosphate
Structure of glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate
Glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate (G3P)
Glycolysis V:
reactant
Glycolysis V: ALSO PROCEEDS IN REVERSE, G3P moves on to glycolysis II (> glycolysis V)
reactant: Dihydroxyacetone phosphate (a ketose)
Glycolysis V:
product
Glycolysis V: ALSO PROCEEDS IN REVERSE, G3P moves on to glycolysis II (> glycolysis V)
product: Glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate (G3P) (an aldose)
Glycolysis V:
reactant
product
Glycolysis V: ALSO PROCEEDS IN REVERSE, G3P moves on to glycolysis II
reactant: Dihydroxyacetone phosphate
product: Glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate (G3P)
Glycolysis V:
type of reaction
Glycolysis V: ALSO PROCEEDS IN REVERSE, G3P moves on to glycolysis II
type of reaction: Isomeraisation
Glycolysis V:
enzyme
Glycolysis V: ALSO PROCEEDS IN REVERSE, G3P moves on to glycolysis II
enzyme: Triose phosphate isomerase
Glycolysis V:
reactant
product
type of reaction
enzyme
cofactor
Glycolysis V: ALSO PROCEEDS IN REVERSE, G3P moves on to glycolysis II
reactant: Dihydroxyacetone phosphate
product: Glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate (G3P)
type of reaction: Isomeraisation
enzyme: Triose phosphate isomerase
cofactor: none
What step of glycolysis is this?
Glycolysis I
What step of glycolysis is this?
Glycolysis II
What step of glycolysis is this?
Glycolysis III
What step of glycolysis is this?
Glycolysis IV
What step of glycolysis is this?
Glycolysis V
GLUT1
Glucose transporter 1 (GLUT1), also known as solute carrier family 2, facilitated glucose transporter member 1 (SLC2A1), is a uniporter protein that in humans is encoded by the SLC2A1 gene. GLUT1 facilitates the transport of glucose across the plasma membranes of mammalian cells. Energy-yielding metabolism in erythrocytes (RBC) depends on a constant supply of glucose from the blood plasma, where the glucose concentration is maintained at about 5mM. Glucose enters the erythrocyte by facilitated diffusion via a specific glucose transporter, at a rate about 50,000 times greater than uncatalyzed transmembrane diffusion. The glucose transporter of erythrocytes (called GLUT1 to distinguish it from related glucose transporters in other tissues) is a type III integral protein with 12 hydrophobic segments, each of which is believed to form a membrane-spanning helix. The detailed structure of GLUT1 is not known yet, but one plausible model suggests that the side-by-side assembly of several helices produces a transmembrane channel lined with hydrophilic residues that can hydrogen-bond with glucose as it moves through the channel. GLUT1 is responsible for the low level of basal glucose uptake required to sustain respiration in all cells. Expression levels of GLUT1 in cell membranes are increased by reduced glucose levels and decreased by increased glucose levels. GLUT1 is also a major receptor for uptake of Vitamin C as well as glucose, especially in non vitamin C producing mammals as part of an adaptation to compensate by participating in a Vitamin C recycling process. In mammals that do produce Vitamin C, GLUT4 is often expressed instead of GLUT1.
Glycolysis II:
cofactor
Glycolysis II:
cofactor: none
Glycolysis IV:
cofactor
Glycolysis IV:
cofactor: none
Glycolysis V:
cofactor
Glycolysis V:
cofactor: none
Glycolysis VI:
reactant
Glycolysis VI: TWO RXNs PER GLYCOLYSIS I
reactant: Glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate (G3P) (x2)
Glycolysis VI:
product
Glycolysis VI: TWO RXNs PER GLYCOLYSIS I
product: 1,3-bsiphosphoglycerate (1,3-bPGA) (x2)
Glycolysis VI:
reactant
product
Glycolysis VI: TWO RXNs PER GLYCOLYSIS I
reactant: Glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate (G3P) (x2)
product: 1,3-bsiphosphoglycerate (1,3-bPGA) (x2)
Glycolysis VI:
type of reaction
Glycolysis VI: TWO RXNs PER GLYCOLYSIS I
type of reaction: Oxidation
Glycolysis VI:
enzyme
Glycolysis VI: TWO RXNs PER GLYCOLYSIS I
enzyme: Glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate dehydrogenase
Glycolysis VI:
cofactor
Glycolysis VI: TWO RXNs PER GLYCOLYSIS I
cofactor: Mg+, NAD+ + Pi (generally H2PO4) (+1 NADH + 1 H+) (x2 = +2 NADH + 2 H+)
Glycolysis VI:
reactant
product
type of reaction
enzyme
cofactor
Glycolysis VI: TWO RXNs PER GLYCOLYSIS I
reactant: Glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate (G3P) (x2)
product: 1,3-bsiphosphoglycerate (1,3-bPGA) (x2)
type of reaction: Oxidation
enzyme: Glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate dehydrogenase
cofactor: Mg+, NAD+ + Pi (generally H2PO4) ([+1 NADH + 1 H+] x2 = +2 NADH + 2 H+)
Structure of G3P
Glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate (G3P)
Structure of 1,3-bisphosphoglycerate
1,3-Bisphosphoglycerate (1,3-bPGA)
Structure and components of NAD+, site of reduction/oxidation(?) and number of electrons and protons transferred
Nicotinamide Adenine Dinucleotide (NAD+), reduced to NADH on the nicotinamide mononucleotide (NMN), picks up two electrons (one on N, one with H) and one proton
Structure of 1,3-bPGA
1,3-Bisphosphoglycerate (1,3-bPGA)
What is this catabolite, what reaction of glycolysis is it found in?
1,3-Bisphosphoglycerate (1,3-bPGA)
product of glycolysis VI
reactant in glycolysis VII
What is this catabolite, what reaction of glycolysis is it found in?
3-Phosphoglycerate (3-PGA)
product of glycolysis VII
reactant in glycolysis VIII
What is this catabolite, what reaction of glycolysis is it found in?
D-Glucose reactant in glycolysis I
What is this catabolite, what reaction of glycolysis is it found in?
Glucose 6-phosphate (G6P)
product of glycolysis I
reactant in glycolysis II
What is this catabolite, what reaction of glycolysis is it found in?
Fructose 6-phosphate
product of glycolysis II
reactant in glycolysis III