Glycolysis Flashcards
Glycolysis occurs in the…
Cytoplasm
Define phosphorylation
Makes molecules want to break bonds, and prevents glucose from leaving the cell because the charge of the phosphate GROUP traps the sugar in the cell because the plasma membrane is impermeable to large ions.
What is the energy investment in glycolysis?
Step 1, where glucose is phosphorylated by 2 ATPs.
Which enzyme helps phosphorylation?
Kinase, or hexokinase
When glucose splits, between steps one and two, is the glucose oxidized or reduced?
Oxidized.
When NAD+ is changed to NADH+H in step two, is it oxidized or reduced?
Reduced, because NAD+ gains an electron and an hydrogen.
What happens in step three?
2 inorganic P phosphorylated the 3-carbon sugars (a reduction to the glucose).
What happens in step four that makes it called the “energy payoff”?
2 ADP gain 2 inorganic P from each sugar, making ATP.
Explain the clarifications in step five.
2 pyruvates are produced, and the 2 ATP needed minus the 4 ATP made makes a net gain of 2 ATP.
What are the reactants of glycolysis?
2 ATP, 2 inorganic P, 2 NAD+, 4 ADP, and glucose.
What are the products of glycolysis?
Pyruvate, 2 NADH+H, 2 ATP
Define the four aspects of oxidation.
Gain in oxygen, loss in electrons and hydrogen, and bonds are broken.
Define the four aspects of reduction.
Loss of oxygen, gain in electrons and hydrogen, and bonds are made.
Is this reaction oxidation or reduction? ATP–>ADP+Pi
Oxidation
Define cellular respiration.
The controlled release of energy from organic compounds within the cell in the form of ATP (because glucose, lipids, carbs, and proteins end up being OXIDIZED).
How many carbons, hydrogens, and oxygens does one molecule of pyruvate have?
Three carbons, three hydrogens, three oxygens (two of the oxygens are double-bonded to two carbons and the other is single bonded and so it is negatively charged).
Does glycolysis need oxygen?
NO because it occurs in the cytoplasm: therefore glycolysis is both part of anaerobic and aerobic respiration.
What is the main hydrogen carrier in glycolysis?
NAD+ (nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide)
What is hexose biphosphate?
The hexose (glucose) that has been phophorylated (two new phosphate groups)
What is triose phophate?
When the hexose biphosphate has been lysis-ed.
What is the order of the three main steps of glycolysis?
Phophorylation, lysis, and oxidation.
