DNA Replication

Question 1

What is DNA made up of?

Answer 1

Nucleotides.

Question 2

What do nucleotides consist of?

Answer 2

(3) A deoxyribose sugar, a phosphate group, and a base.

Question 3

What are the four bases?

Answer 3

Cytosine, Adenine, Guanine, and Thymine.

Question 4

What does cytosine pair with?

Answer 4

Guanine. (CG)

Question 5

What does adenine pair with?

Answer 5

Thymine (AT)

Question 6

What does guanine pair with?

Answer 6

Cytosine (CG)

Question 7

What does thymine pair with?

Answer 7

Adenine (AT)

Question 8

Is there ever a U in DNA?

Answer 8

Nope!

Question 9

What are DNA nucleotides linked together by and where is it?

Answer 9

By a covalent bond, between the sugar of one nucleotide and the phosphate of another.

Question 10

What do DNA molecules consist of?

Answer 10

Two strands of nucleotides, wound together into a double helix.

Question 11

What kind of bond links the two strands of nucleotides together and where does it form?

Answer 11

Hydrogen bonds, and between the bases of the two strands.

Question 12

What is complementary base pairing?

Answer 12

C hydrogen bonding with G, and A hydogen bonding with T.

Question 13

What is a conservative model?

Answer 13

Parental bound with parental and daughter with daughter.

Question 14

What is a dispersive model?

Answer 14

Parent and daughter strands of DNA mixed together.

Question 15

What is a semi-conservative model?

Answer 15

Each DNA molecule formed by replication consists of one new strand and one old strand (conserved from the parent DNA molecule). This is the accepted model.

Question 16

If the four strands of nucleotides were numbered 1 2 3 4, which would be the parent, and which would be the daughter strands?

Answer 16

Parent: 1, 4. Daughter: 2, 3.

Question 17

How is a DNA double helix unwound and separated into strands?

Answer 17

By breaking the hydrogen bonds.

Question 18

What is helicase?

Answer 18

An enzyme that breaks down hydrogen bonds between nitrogen-based pairs, exposing the bases to build off of sequence.

Question 19

When the free nucleotides are matched again with the parent strand, what is the main enzyme involved?

Answer 19

DNA Polymerase.

Question 20

What does DNA polymerase do?

Answer 20

It grabs and places the appropriate nucleotide with the corresponding nitrogen base to build off the parent strand.

Question 21

What does 5’ and 3’ mean?

Answer 21

Five prime and three prime.

Question 22

At how many points is DNA replication initiated in eukaryotic chromosomes?

Answer 22

More than one, because replication is bi-directional.

Question 23

What two processes allow the information in the gene to be decoded during the making of the polypeptide?

Answer 23

Transcription and translation.

Question 24

What are three differences between RNA and DNA?

Answer 24

Number of strands in the molecule: RNA has one strand only while DNA has two strands (which form the double helix).
Type of sugar in each nucleotide: RNA: Ribose. DNA: Deoxyribose.
Types of bases contained: RNA: A, C, G, Uracil. DNA: A, C, G, T.

Question 25

What does RNA do?

Answer 25

RNA directs the synthesis of polypeptides.

Question 26

Where are polypeptides made?

Answer 26

In the cytoplasm

Question 27

What does mRNA stand for?

Answer 27

messenger RNA because it carries the information out into the cytoplasm.

Question 28

What is transcription?

Answer 28

The copying of a base sequence of a gene by making an RNA molecule.

Question 29

In transcription, what does adenine bind with?

Answer 29

Uracil.

Question 30

What is a codon?

Answer 30

A group of three bases.

Question 31

What is the genetic code?

Answer 31

A codon, which corresponds one amino acid.

Question 32

What is being translated in translation?

Answer 32

The genetic code, using mRNA and tRNA.

Question 33

What does tRNA stand for?

Answer 33

Transfer RNA.

Question 34

What is THE rule in the DNA replication process?

Answer 34

The newly replicate strand (daughter strand) builds in a 5' to 3' direction.

Question 35

What does that mean in terms of which end is first/last?

Answer 35

The new five prime end is first, and the new three prime end is last for replication.

Question 36

How do you figure out which direction the replications are going in?

Answer 36

Figure out the helicase's direction (where has it been, where is it going to?). Then, know that to form a replicate, it goes from 5' --> 3'.

Question 37

Where does helicase go in correspondence with the origin of replication?

Answer 37

Helicase ALWAYS goes away from the point of replication.

Question 38

Which strand follows the direction of the helicase?

Answer 38

The leading daughter strand.

Question 39

What strand goes away from the helicase, and what are the fragments called?

Answer 39

The lagging daughter strand, and the segments are the okasaki fragments.

Question 40

What is DNA polymerase's job in DNA replication?

Answer 40

It's job is still to grab and place the appropriate nucleotides with the correct N-base to build off the P-strand.

Question 41

How do you know which strand end is the 5' and which one's the 3'?

Answer 41

The 5' is the one with the phosphate group, while the 3' is the end with a hydroxyl group (OH).

Question 42

What does anti-parallel mean?

Answer 42

That each side of the double helix runs in opposite directions.