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STEP 1 > GLYCOLYSIS > Flashcards

GLYCOLYSIS Flashcards

1
Q

Occurs in

A

Cytoplasm

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2
Q

Converts glucose to

A

Pyruvate (3 carbons)

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3
Q

¿What does generate?

A

Generates ATP and NADH

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4
Q

NADH (nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide)

A
  • Donate electrons transport chain in the mitochondria –> ATP
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5
Q

The majority of the reactions are

A

reversible

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6
Q

Not reversible reactions

A
  • Glucose to glucose-6-phosphate
  • Fructosa-6-phosphate to fructose-1,6-bidiphosphate
    -Phosphoenolpyruvate to pyruvate
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7
Q

Priming stage

A
  • the cell invests energy and spends ATP
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8
Q

Splitting stage

A
  • it divides from 6 carbon structure to 3
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9
Q

Energy stage

A
  • ATP is generate
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10
Q

Hexokinase

A
  • add phosphate groups and most of the time phosphate group will come from ATP
  • most tissues
  • inhibited by G6P
  • Insulin has not effect
  • Low Km
  • Low Vm
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11
Q

Glucose-6-phosphate

A
  • trapped inside of cells
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12
Q

Glucokinase

A
  • liver and pancreas
  • not inhibited by G6F
  • Induced by insulin
  • high Km and Vm (rate varies with glucose)
  • sigmoidal curve
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13
Q

Glucokinase is inactivate when

A

1- low glucose
2- high F6P (overcome by elevate glucose)

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14
Q

GKRP (glucokinase regulatory protein)

A
  • Translocate glucokinase to the nucleus
  • Inactivate glucokinase
  • Glucose compete with it
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15
Q

Low blood sugar (hexo/gluco kinase activity)

A
  • Hexokinase working
  • Glucokinase inactive
  • Glucose to tissue, not liver
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16
Q

High blood sugar (hexo/gluco kinase activity)

A
  • Hexokinase inactive (inhibited by G6P)
  • Glucokinase working
  • Liver will store glucose as glycogen
17
Q

Glucokinase Deficiency

A
  • Results in mild hyperglycemia
  • Pancreas less sensitive to glucose
  • exacerbated by pregnancy (gestational diabetes)
18
Q

Phosphofructokinase-1

A
  • Rate limiting step
  • Consumed the 2nd ATP
19
Q

Regulation of glycolysis (Phosphofructokinase-1)

A
  • Key inhibitors (less glycolysis: citrate and ATP)
  • Key inducers (more glycolysis: AMP, F2,6BP –> insulin and glucagon)
20
Q

How Fructose 2,6 bisphosphate regulates glycolysis

A

on/off switch of glycolysis
when increases favors glycolysis
when decreases favors gluconeogenesis

21
Q

Glucagon

A
  • Phosphorilate favors gluconeogenesis
22
Q

Insulin

A
  • Dephosphorilate favors glucolisis
23
Q

Splitting stage

A

-F1,6-P to two molecules GAP
- Reversible for gluconeogenesis

24
Q

Energy stage

A
  • Starts with GAP
  • Two ATP per GAP
  • Total per glucose = 4
  • 2 ATP net
  • Pyruvate kinase
  • Inhibited by ATP, alanine
  • Activated by F1,6BP (feed forward activation)
25
Q

Glucagon and epinephrine

A
  • Inactivation of pyruvate kinase
  • Slow glycolysis/favors gluconeogenesis
26
Q

Alanine cycle (ALT)

A

Inhibits of glycolysis

27
Q

Pyruvate can be converted into

A

1- Actil-CoA (TCA cycle)
2- Lactate (LDH, reversible with NaD+)

28
Q

Plasma elevation of LDH

A

1- Hemolysis
2- Myocardial infarction
3- Some tumors

29
Q

NAD+ (generated in the convertion of pyruvate to lactate)

A
  • Important in hypoxemia
30
Q

Lactic acidosis

A
  • Increase lactic acid and anion gap acidosis
  • Decrease pH and HCO3
  • Sepsis, bowel ischemia, seizures
31
Q

Muscle cramps

A
  • too much exercise –> too much NAD consumption
  • favors pyruvate into lactate
  • pH falls in muscles –> cramps
32
Q

Distance runners have

A

lots and bigger mitochondria

33
Q

Pyruvate kinase deficiency

A
  • RBC loose glycolisi –> loose ATP
  • membrane failure –> phagocytosis in spleen
  • presents in newborns
  • Splenomegaly
34
Q

2,3 Bisphosphoglycerate (2,3BPG)

A
  • Regulator of oxygen optake
  • some of them bind to RBC helping them to deliver oxygen
  • high altitud
35
Q

Energy yield from glucose

A

-Depends on cell (mitochondria) and oxygen
- Oxygen and mitochondria –> glucose+6O2 –> 32 (liver, heart)/30(muscle)
- No oxygen or no mithocondria –> glucose–> 2ATP+2Lactate+H2O

STEP 1 (6 decks)

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