Cardiology

Question 1

Dynein defect

Answer 1

Can lead to dextrocardia, as seen in Kartagener syndrome

Question 2

Patent foramen oval

Answer 2

-failure to septum primum and septum secundum to fuse after birth
-25% of population
-most are asymptomatic and remain undetected
-can lead paradoxical emboli (as can occur in atrial septal defect ASD)

Question 3

Ventricular septal defect VSD

Answer 3

-most common congenital cardiac anomaly
-usually occurs in membranous septum
-left to right shunting of blood
-manifests as a loud, harsh holosystolic murmur best apprecciated at the left sternal border
-acyanotic

Question 4

Conotruncal abnormalities associated with failure of neural crest cells to migrate

Answer 4

-Transposition of great arteries
-Tetralogy of fallout
-Persistent truncus arteriosus

Question 5

Aortic/pulmonary valves

Answer 5

-derived from endocardial cushions of outflow tract

Question 6

Mitral/tricuspid valves

Answer 6

-derived from fused endocardial cushions of AV canal

Question 7

3 important shunts in fetal circulation

Answer 7

1- ductus venous into the IVC
2- highly Oxygenated blood is directed through the foramen Ovale into LA
3- Deoxygenated blood from SVC pases though RA-RV-PA-Ductus arteriosus-Descending aorta

Question 8

At birth (changes in fetal circulation)

Answer 8

-decreased resistance in pulmonary vasculature
-increased LA pressure vs RA
-foramen ovale closes (now fossa ovalis)
-increased O2 from respiration
-decreased prostaglandins from placental separation
-this last tow lead to closure of DA

Question 9

NSAIDs (nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs)

Answer 9

-Indometacin, ibuprofen, acetaminofen help close the patent ductus arteriosus (now ligamentum arteriosum)
- ENDometacin ENDs the PDA

Question 10

Atrial septal defect (ASD) is due to a failure in which process?

Answer 10

Fusion in primum-type ASD
Proliferation in secundan-type ASD
NO cyanosis

Question 11

Patent ductus arterioles is due to a failure in which process?

Answer 11

Obliteration

Question 12

Persistent trunks arterioles is due to a failure in which process?

Answer 12

Septation
-Single arterial trunk

Question 13

Patent foramen ovale is due to? And leads to?

Answer 13

1- Incomplete fusion of atrial septum primum and secundum
2- Cryptogenic stroke

Question 14

Systemic valcular resistance afterbirth

Answer 14

Increase