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Biochem > glycolysis > Flashcards

glycolysis Flashcards

1
Q

glucose molecule

A

6 carbon molecules

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2
Q

where does glycolysis take plaace

A

cytoplasma

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3
Q

is glycolyssi still possible if 02 is low

A

yes

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4
Q

anabolism

A

buildup

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5
Q

cataboism

A

breakdown

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6
Q

energy conusming phase

A

requires atp

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7
Q

energy producing phase

A

geenrares atp

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8
Q

what happens in response to high blood glucose

A

pancreatic beta cells secrete insulin

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9
Q

how does glucose get inside the clels

A

utilizes glucose transporters, or GLUT, which are on the cell membrane.

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10
Q

where are GLUT found

A

on cell membrane

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11
Q

what happens once glucose is iinside the cell

A

prevented from diffusing across the cell membrane back into the circulation by enzymes

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12
Q

kinases

A

enzymes which prevent glucose from diffusig across the cell membrane back into circulation

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13
Q

what phosphorylates glucose

A

kinases

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14
Q

what changes the shape of the glucose molecu;e

A

a phosphate groupp haven being added

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15
Q

what does the frist phosphate come from and result in

A

breakdown of atp into adp so drops us to -1 on energy cpunter

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16
Q

how is glucose turned into glucose 6 phosphate

A

hezokinase and glucokinas add a phosphate group to the 6th carbon in the glucose molecole

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17
Q

where is hexokinase found

A

in all cells

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18
Q

where is glucokinase found

A

liver cells and beta cells of panceas (induced by presence of insulin)

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19
Q

is the firts step reversible

A

no

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20
Q

isomer of glucose 6 phosphate

A

fructose 6 phosphate

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21
Q

role of phosphoglucoisomerase

A

converts Glucose-6-phosphate to fructose-6-phosphate

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22
Q

what is Fructose-6-phosphate phosphorylated by

A

phosphofructokinase-1, or PFK1

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23
Q

role of phosphofructokinase-1, or PFK1

A

adds a phosphate to the 1st carbon on the fructos moleucle making fructose-1,6-bisphosphate.

24
Q

what makes us -2 on the enrgy counter

A

phosphofructokinase-1, or PFK1 adding a phosphate to fructose 6 phosphate

25
Q

rate limitting step

A

how fast PFK1 converts fructose-6-phosphate to fructose-1,6-bisphosphate determines the speed at which all of glycolysis happens.

26
Q

how do cells regulate PFK1

A

by using another enzyme called phosphofructokinase 2 - or PFK2.

27
Q

can PFK2 phosphorykate glucose aswell as PFK1

A

yes howevrr it adds a phosphate to the second carbon instead making fructose 2 6 bisphosphate

28
Q

what acitvates PFK2

A

insulin so when blood glcuose is up post meal

29
Q

what does incraesed levels offructose-2,6 bisphosphate activate

A

PFK1

30
Q

what does more PFK1 mean

A

the slowest step in glycolysis speeds up, and more glucose is turned into energy

31
Q

what does the pancreas secrete whe glucose is low

A

glucagon

32
Q

glucagon function

A

inhibits PFK2, resulting in less fructose-2,6-bisphosphate, which inhibits PFK1, decreasing the rate of PFK1 enzymes, and that slows down glycolysis

33
Q

what else inhibits PFK1

A

citrate and ATP as cell has lots of enerfgy so doesnt need more

34
Q

what happens when the cells DO need energy

A

PFK1 becomes very active in creating fructose 1 6 bisphosphate

35
Q

what is Fructose 1,6 bisphosphate cleaved by

A

enzyme adolase into 3 carbon molecules - glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate, or G3P, and dihydroacetone-phosphate, or DHAP.

36
Q

complication of DHAP

A

cant go down glycolysis pathwya so an isomerase converts it into G3P

37
Q

ho many g3p molecules are made per glucose

A

2

38
Q

what is g3p converte dinto

A

1,3 bisphosphoglycerate, or 1,3-BPG, by an enzyme called G3P-dehydrogenase.

39
Q

role of G3P-dehydrogenase

A

removes a hydrogen from G3P and gives it to a nearby NAD+ molecule, making NADH as a byproduct and adds a phosphate group to the 1st carbon of G3P, making 1,3-BPG

40
Q

how many nadh molecules are made

A

2 as there are two g3ps

41
Q

pathwya of nadh

A

enters the electron transport chain in the mitochondria and makes roughly 3 ATP.

42
Q

role of phosphoglycerate kinase

A

removes a phosphate from the 1st carbon of 1,3-BPG and gives it to ADP, making 3-phosphoglycerate, and ATP as a byproduct

43
Q

energy counter post phosphoglycerate kinase role

A

0

44
Q

mutase role

A

moves the phosphate on 3-phosphoglycerate to the 2nd carbon, making 2-phosphoglycerate

45
Q

enolase role

A

removes a water molecule from 2 phosphoglycerate and makes phosphoenolpyruvate - or PEP

46
Q

pyruvate kinase role

A

transfers a phosphate from PEP to ADP, making pyruvate, and ATP as a byproduct

47
Q

atp counter post pyrivate kinase

A

2

48
Q

feedforward regulation

A

fructose-1,6 bisphosphate upregulates pyruvate kinase

49
Q

what downregulates pyruvate kinase activity

A

high levels of ATP and the amino acid alanine

50
Q

where does alanine come from

A

from skeletal muscle when fastingw

51
Q

what does high levels of alanine signal

A

that the body needs to make new glucose

52
Q

how many atp made

A

2

52
Q

is glycolysis anaerobic or aerobic

A

anaerobic

53
Q

how many atp used

A

4

54
Q

end product of glycolysis

A

pyruvate

55
Q
A

Biochem (12 decks)

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